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+/*=============================================================================
+    Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Joel de Guzman
+
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+    file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+==============================================================================*/
+#ifndef PHOENIX_DETAIL_TYPE_DEDUCTION_HPP
+#define PHOENIX_DETAIL_TYPE_DEDUCTION_HPP
+
+/*=============================================================================
+
+    Return Type Deduction
+    [JDG Sept. 15, 2003]
+
+    Before C++ adopts the typeof, there is currently no way to deduce the
+    result type of an expression such as x + y. This deficiency is a major
+    problem with template metaprogramming; for example, when writing
+    forwarding functions that attempt to capture the essence of an
+    expression inside a function. Consider the std::plus<T>:
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct plus : public binary_function<T, T, T>
+        {
+            T operator()(T const& x, T const& y) const
+            {
+                return x + y;
+            }
+        };
+
+    What's wrong with this? Well, this functor does not accurately capture
+    the behavior of the plus operator. 1) It does not handle the case where
+    x and y are of different types (e.g. x is short and y is int). 2) It
+    assumes that the arguments and return type are the same (i.e. when
+    adding a short and an int, the return type ought to be an int). Due to
+    these shortcomings, std::plus<T>(x, y) is a poor substitute for x + y.
+
+    The case where x is short and y is int does not really expose the
+    problem. We can simply use std::plus<int> and be happy that the
+    operands x and y will simply be converted to an int. The problem
+    becomes evident when an operand is a user defined type such as bigint.
+    Here, the conversion to bigint is simply not acceptable. Even if the
+    unnecessary conversion is tolerable, in generic code, it is not always
+    possible to choose the right T type that can accomodate both x and y
+    operands.
+
+    To truly model the plus operator, what we need is a polymorphic functor
+    that can take arbitrary x and y operands. Here's a rough schematic:
+
+        struct plus
+        {
+            template <typename X, typename Y>
+            unspecified-type
+            operator()(X const& x, Y const& y) const
+            {
+                return x + y;
+            }
+        };
+
+    Now, we can handle the case where X and Y are arbitrary types. We've
+    solved the first problem. To solve the second problem, we need some
+    form of return type deduction mechanism. If we had the typeof, it would
+    be something like:
+
+        template <typename X, typename Y>
+        typeof(X() + Y())
+        operator()(X const& x, Y const& y) const
+        {
+            return x + y;
+        }
+
+    Without the typeof facility, it is only possible to wrap an expression
+    such as x + y in a function or functor if we are given a hint that
+    tells us what the actual result type of such an expression is. Such a
+    hint can be in the form of a metaprogram, that, given the types of the
+    arguments, will return the result type. Example:
+
+        template <typename X, typename Y>
+        struct result_of_plus
+        {
+            typedef unspecified-type type;
+        };
+
+    Given a result_of_plus metaprogram, we can complete our polymorphic
+    plus functor:
+
+        struct plus
+        {
+            template <typename X, typename Y>
+            typename result_of_plus<X, Y>::type
+            operator()(X const& x, Y const& y) const
+            {
+                return x + y;
+            }
+        };
+
+    The process is not automatic. We have to specialize the metaprogram for
+    specific argument types. Examples:
+
+        template <>
+        struct result_of_plus<short, int>
+        {
+            typedef int type;
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct result_of_plus<std::complex<T>, std::complex<T> >
+        {
+            typedef std::complex<T> type;
+        };
+
+    To make it easier for the user, specializations are provided for common
+    types such as primitive c++ types (e.g. int, char, double, etc.), and
+    standard types (e.g. std::complex, iostream, std containers and
+    iterators).
+
+    To further improve the ease of use, for user defined classes, we can
+    supply a few more basic specializations through metaprogramming using
+    heuristics based on canonical operator rules (Such heuristics can be
+    found in the LL and Phoenix, for example). For example, it is rather
+    common that the result of x += y is X& or the result of x || y is a
+    bool. The client is out of luck if her classes do not follow the
+    canonical rules. She'll then have to supply her own specialization.
+
+    The type deduction mechanism demostrated below approaches the problem
+    not through specialization and heuristics, but through a limited form
+    of typeof mechanism. The code does not use heuristics, hence, no
+    guessing games. The code takes advantage of the fact that, in general,
+    the result type of an expression is related to one its arguments' type.
+    For example, x + y, where x has type int and y has type double, has the
+    result type double (the second operand type). Another example, x[y]
+    where x is a vector<T> and y is a std::size_t, has the result type
+    vector<T>::reference (the vector<T>'s reference type type).
+
+    The limited form of type deduction presented can detect common
+    relations if the result of a binary or unary operation, given arguments
+    x and y with types X and Y (respectively), is X, Y, X&, Y&, X*, Y*, X
+    const*, Y const*, bool, int, unsigned, double, container and iterator
+    elements (e.g the T, where X is: T[N], T*, vector<T>, map<T>,
+    vector<T>::iterator). More arguments/return type relationships can be
+    established if needed.
+
+    A set of overloaded test(T) functions capture these argument related
+    types. Each test(T) function returns a distinct type that can be used
+    to determine the exact type of an expression.
+
+    Consider:
+
+        template <typename X, typename Y>
+        x_value_type
+        test(X const&);
+
+        template <typename X, typename Y>
+        y_value_type
+        test(Y const&);
+
+    Given an expression x + y, where x is int and y is double, the call to:
+
+        test<int, double>(x + y)
+
+    will return a y_value_type.
+
+    Now, if we rig x_value_type and y_value_type such that both have unique
+    sizes, we can use sizeof(test<X, Y>(x + y)) to determine if the result
+    type is either X or Y.
+
+    For example, if:
+
+        sizeof(test<X, Y>(x + y)) == sizeof(y_value_type)
+
+    then, we know for sure that the result of x + y has type Y.
+
+    The same basic scheme can be used to detect more argument-dependent
+    return types where the sizeof the test(T) return type is used to index
+    through a boost::mpl vector which holds each of the corresponding
+    result types.
+
+==============================================================================*/
+#include <boost/mpl/vector/vector20.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/at.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/not.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/or.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/and.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/identity.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/remove_reference.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/add_reference.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/remove_cv.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_const.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_reference.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_same.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_array.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits/is_pointer.hpp>
+#include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
+#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>
+#include <boost/preprocessor/cat.hpp>
+#include <boost/spirit/home/phoenix/detail/local_reference.hpp>
+
+namespace boost
+{
+    struct error_cant_deduce_type {};
+}
+
+namespace boost { namespace type_deduction_detail
+{
+    typedef char(&bool_value_type)[1];
+    typedef char(&int_value_type)[2];
+    typedef char(&uint_value_type)[3];
+    typedef char(&double_value_type)[4];
+
+    typedef char(&bool_reference_type)[5];
+    typedef char(&int_reference_type)[6];
+    typedef char(&uint_reference_type)[7];
+    typedef char(&double_reference_type)[8];
+
+    typedef char(&x_value_type)[9];
+    typedef char(&x_reference_type)[10];
+    typedef char(&x_const_pointer_type)[11];
+    typedef char(&x_pointer_type)[12];
+
+    typedef char(&y_value_type)[13];
+    typedef char(&y_reference_type)[14];
+    typedef char(&y_const_pointer_type)[15];
+    typedef char(&y_pointer_type)[16];
+
+    typedef char(&container_reference_type)[17];
+    typedef char(&container_const_reference_type)[18];
+    typedef char(&container_mapped_type)[19];
+
+    typedef char(&cant_deduce_type)[20];
+
+    template <typename T, typename Plain = typename remove_cv<T>::type>
+    struct is_basic
+        : mpl::or_<
+            is_same<Plain, bool>
+          , is_same<Plain, int>
+          , is_same<Plain, unsigned>
+          , is_same<Plain, double>
+        > {};
+
+    template <typename C>
+    struct reference_type
+    {
+        typedef typename C::reference type;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct reference_type<T const>
+        : reference_type<T> {};
+
+    template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+    struct reference_type<T[N]>
+    {
+        typedef T& type;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct reference_type<T*>
+    {
+        typedef T& type;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct reference_type<T* const>
+    {
+        typedef T const& type;
+    };
+
+    template <typename C>
+    struct const_reference_type
+    {
+        typedef typename C::const_reference type;
+    };
+
+    template <typename C>
+    struct mapped_type
+    {
+        typedef typename C::mapped_type type;
+    };
+
+    struct asymmetric;
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    cant_deduce_type
+    test(...); // The black hole !!!
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    bool_value_type
+    test(bool const&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    int_value_type
+    test(int const&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    uint_value_type
+    test(unsigned const&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    double_value_type
+    test(double const&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    bool_reference_type
+    test(bool&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    int_reference_type
+    test(int&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    uint_reference_type
+    test(unsigned&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    double_reference_type
+    test(double&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<is_basic<X>, is_const<X> >
+      , x_value_type
+    >::type
+    test(X const&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        is_basic<X>
+      , x_reference_type
+    >::type
+    test(X&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<
+            is_basic<X>
+          , is_const<X>
+        >
+      , x_const_pointer_type
+    >::type
+    test(X const*);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    x_pointer_type
+    test(X*);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<
+            is_basic<Y>
+          , is_same<Y, asymmetric>
+          , is_const<Y>
+          , is_same<X, Y>
+        >
+      , y_value_type
+    >::type
+    test(Y const&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<
+            is_basic<Y>
+          , is_same<Y, asymmetric>
+          , is_same<X, Y>
+        >
+      , y_reference_type
+    >::type
+    test(Y&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<
+            is_same<Y, asymmetric>
+          , is_const<Y>
+          , is_same<X, Y>
+        >
+      , y_const_pointer_type
+    >::type
+    test(Y const*);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<
+            is_same<Y, asymmetric>
+          , is_same<X, Y>
+        >
+      , y_pointer_type
+    >::type
+    test(Y*);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<
+            is_basic<typename X::value_type>
+          , is_same<typename add_reference<X>::type, typename X::reference>
+        >
+      , container_reference_type
+    >::type
+    test(typename X::reference);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y, typename Z>
+    typename enable_if<
+        mpl::and_<
+            mpl::or_<is_array<X>, is_pointer<X> >
+          , mpl::not_<is_basic<Z> >
+          , mpl::not_<is_same<X, Z> >
+        >
+      , container_reference_type
+    >::type
+    test(Z&);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        mpl::or_<
+            is_basic<typename X::value_type>
+          , is_same<typename add_reference<X>::type, typename X::const_reference>
+        >
+      , container_const_reference_type
+    >::type
+    test(typename X::const_reference);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    typename disable_if<
+        is_basic<typename X::mapped_type>
+      , container_mapped_type
+    >::type
+    test(typename X::mapped_type);
+
+    template <typename X, typename Y>
+    struct base_result_of
+    {
+        typedef typename phoenix::detail::unwrap_local_reference<X>::type x_type_;
+        typedef typename phoenix::detail::unwrap_local_reference<Y>::type y_type_;
+        typedef typename remove_reference<x_type_>::type x_type;
+        typedef typename remove_reference<y_type_>::type y_type;
+
+        typedef mpl::vector20<
+            mpl::identity<bool>
+          , mpl::identity<int>
+          , mpl::identity<unsigned>
+          , mpl::identity<double>
+          , mpl::identity<bool&>
+          , mpl::identity<int&>
+          , mpl::identity<unsigned&>
+          , mpl::identity<double&>
+          , mpl::identity<x_type>
+          , mpl::identity<x_type&>
+          , mpl::identity<x_type const*>
+          , mpl::identity<x_type*>
+          , mpl::identity<y_type>
+          , mpl::identity<y_type&>
+          , mpl::identity<y_type const*>
+          , mpl::identity<y_type*>
+          , reference_type<x_type>
+          , const_reference_type<x_type>
+          , mapped_type<x_type>
+          , mpl::identity<error_cant_deduce_type>
+        >
+        types;
+    };
+
+}} // namespace boost::type_deduction_detail
+
+#define BOOST_RESULT_OF_COMMON(expr, name, Y, SYMMETRY)                         \
+    struct name                                                                 \
+    {                                                                           \
+        typedef type_deduction_detail::base_result_of<X, Y> base_type;          \
+        static typename base_type::x_type x;                                    \
+        static typename base_type::y_type y;                                    \
+                                                                                \
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(int,                                              \
+            size = sizeof(                                                      \
+                type_deduction_detail::test<                                    \
+                    typename base_type::x_type                                  \
+                  , SYMMETRY                                                    \
+                >(expr)                                                         \
+            ));                                                                 \
+                                                                                \
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(int, index = (size / sizeof(char)) - 1);          \
+                                                                                \
+        typedef typename mpl::at_c<                                             \
+            typename base_type::types, index>::type id;                         \
+        typedef typename id::type type;                                         \
+    };
+
+#define BOOST_UNARY_RESULT_OF(expr, name)                                       \
+    template <typename X>                                                       \
+    BOOST_RESULT_OF_COMMON(expr, name,                                          \
+        type_deduction_detail::asymmetric, type_deduction_detail::asymmetric)
+
+#define BOOST_BINARY_RESULT_OF(expr, name)                                      \
+    template <typename X, typename Y>                                           \
+    BOOST_RESULT_OF_COMMON(expr, name, Y, typename base_type::y_type)
+
+#define BOOST_ASYMMETRIC_BINARY_RESULT_OF(expr, name)                           \
+    template <typename X, typename Y>                                           \
+    BOOST_RESULT_OF_COMMON(expr, name, Y, type_deduction_detail::asymmetric)
+
+#endif