#ifndef BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    /// \file matches.hpp
    /// Contains definition of matches\<\> metafunction for determining if
    /// a given expression matches a given pattern.
    //
    //  Copyright 2008 Eric Niebler. Distributed under the Boost
    //  Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
    //  LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

    #ifndef BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_HPP_EAN_11_03_2006
    #define BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_HPP_EAN_11_03_2006

    #include <boost/config.hpp>
    #include <boost/detail/workaround.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/cat.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/arithmetic/dec.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/arithmetic/sub.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/iteration/iterate.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/facilities/intercept.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/punctuation/comma_if.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/enum.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/enum_params.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/enum_shifted.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/enum_binary_params.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/enum_shifted_params.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/enum_trailing_params.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/enum_params_with_a_default.hpp>
    #include <boost/preprocessor/repetition/repeat.hpp>
    #include <boost/config.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/logical.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/eval_if.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/aux_/template_arity.hpp>
    #include <boost/mpl/aux_/lambda_arity_param.hpp>
    #include <boost/utility/enable_if.hpp>
    #if BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, == 1310)
    #include <boost/type_traits/is_array.hpp>
    #endif
    #include <boost/type_traits/is_const.hpp>
    #include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>
    #include <boost/type_traits/is_reference.hpp>
    #include <boost/type_traits/is_pointer.hpp>
    #include <boost/proto/proto_fwd.hpp>
    #include <boost/proto/traits.hpp>
    #include <boost/proto/transform/when.hpp>
    #include <boost/proto/transform/impl.hpp>

    // Some compilers (like GCC) need extra help figuring out a template's arity.
    // I use MPL's BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM() macro to disambiguate, which
    // which is controlled by the BOOST_MPL_LIMIT_METAFUNCTION_ARITY macro. If
    // You define BOOST_PROTO_MAX_ARITY to be greater than
    // BOOST_MPL_LIMIT_METAFUNCTION_ARITY on these compilers, things don't work.
    // You must define BOOST_MPL_LIMIT_METAFUNCTION_ARITY to be greater.
    #ifdef BOOST_MPL_CFG_EXTENDED_TEMPLATE_PARAMETERS_MATCHING
    # if BOOST_PROTO_MAX_ARITY > BOOST_MPL_LIMIT_METAFUNCTION_ARITY
    #  error BOOST_MPL_LIMIT_METAFUNCTION_ARITY must be at least as large as BOOST_PROTO_MAX_ARITY
    # endif
    #endif

    #if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1020)
    # pragma warning(push)
    # pragma warning(disable:4305) // 'specialization' : truncation from 'const int' to 'bool'
    #endif

    namespace boost { namespace proto
    {

        namespace detail
        {
            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr, typename Grammar>
            struct matches_;

            template<bool B, typename Pred>
            struct and_2;

            template<typename And, typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct _and_impl;

            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct array_matches
              : mpl::false_
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct array_matches<T[M], T *>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct array_matches<T[M], T const *>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct array_matches<T[M], T[proto::N]>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, typename U
                BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(long Arity = mpl::aux::template_arity<U>::value)
            >
            struct lambda_matches
              : mpl::false_
            {};

            template<typename T>
            struct lambda_matches<T, proto::_ BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(-1)>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T>
            struct lambda_matches<T, T BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(-1)>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M, typename U>
            struct lambda_matches<T[M], U BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(-1)>
              : array_matches<T[M], U>
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct lambda_matches<T[M], _ BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(-1)>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct lambda_matches<T[M], T[M] BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(-1)>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<template<typename> class T, typename Expr0, typename Grammar0>
            struct lambda_matches<T<Expr0>, T<Grammar0> BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(1) >
              : lambda_matches<Expr0, Grammar0>
            {};

            // vararg_matches_impl
            template<typename Args1, typename Back, long From, long To>
            struct vararg_matches_impl;

            // vararg_matches
            template<typename Expr, typename Args1, typename Args2, typename Back, bool Can, bool Zero, typename Void = void>
            struct vararg_matches
              : mpl::false_
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Args1, typename Args2, typename Back>
            struct vararg_matches<Expr, Args1, Args2, Back, true, true, typename Back::proto_is_vararg_>
              : matches_<
                    Expr
                  , proto::basic_expr<ignore, Args1, Args1::arity>
                  , proto::basic_expr<ignore, Args2, Args1::arity>
                >
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Args1, typename Args2, typename Back>
            struct vararg_matches<Expr, Args1, Args2, Back, true, false, typename Back::proto_is_vararg_>
              : and_2<
                    matches_<
                        Expr
                      , proto::basic_expr<ignore, Args1, Args2::arity>
                      , proto::basic_expr<ignore, Args2, Args2::arity>
                    >::value
                  , vararg_matches_impl<Args1, typename Back::proto_grammar, Args2::arity + 1, Args1::arity>
                >
            {};

            // How terminal_matches<> handles references and cv-qualifiers.
            // The cv and ref matter *only* if the grammar has a top-level ref.
            //
            // Expr       |   Grammar    |  Matches?
            // -------------------------------------
            // T              T             yes
            // T &            T             yes
            // T const &      T             yes
            // T              T &           no
            // T &            T &           yes
            // T const &      T &           no
            // T              T const &     no
            // T &            T const &     no
            // T const &      T const &     yes

            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct is_cv_ref_compatible
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct is_cv_ref_compatible<T, U &>
              : mpl::false_
            {};

            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct is_cv_ref_compatible<T &, U &>
              : mpl::bool_<is_const<T>::value == is_const<U>::value>
            {};

        #if BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, == 1310)
            // MSVC-7.1 has lots of problems with array types that have been
            // deduced. Partially specializing terminal_matches<> on array types
            // doesn't seem to work.
            template<
                typename T
              , typename U
              , bool B = is_array<BOOST_PROTO_UNCVREF(T)>::value
            >
            struct terminal_array_matches
              : mpl::false_
            {};

            template<typename T, typename U, std::size_t M>
            struct terminal_array_matches<T, U(&)[M], true>
              : is_convertible<T, U(&)[M]>
            {};

            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct terminal_array_matches<T, U(&)[proto::N], true>
              : is_convertible<T, U *>
            {};

            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct terminal_array_matches<T, U *, true>
              : is_convertible<T, U *>
            {};

            // terminal_matches
            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct terminal_matches
              : mpl::or_<
                    mpl::and_<
                        is_cv_ref_compatible<T, U>
                      , lambda_matches<
                            BOOST_PROTO_UNCVREF(T)
                          , BOOST_PROTO_UNCVREF(U)
                        >
                    >
                  , terminal_array_matches<T, U>
                >
            {};
        #else
            // terminal_matches
            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct terminal_matches
              : mpl::and_<
                    is_cv_ref_compatible<T, U>
                  , lambda_matches<
                        BOOST_PROTO_UNCVREF(T)
                      , BOOST_PROTO_UNCVREF(U)
                    >
                >
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct terminal_matches<T(&)[M], T(&)[proto::N]>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct terminal_matches<T(&)[M], T *>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            // Avoid ambiguity errors on MSVC
            #if BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, BOOST_TESTED_AT(1500))
            template<typename T, std::size_t M>
            struct terminal_matches<T const (&)[M], T const[M]>
              : mpl::true_
            {};
            #endif
        #endif

            template<typename T>
            struct terminal_matches<T, T>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T>
            struct terminal_matches<T &, T>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T>
            struct terminal_matches<T const &, T>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T>
            struct terminal_matches<T, proto::_>
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T>
            struct terminal_matches<T, exact<T> >
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename T, typename U>
            struct terminal_matches<T, proto::convertible_to<U> >
              : is_convertible<T, U>
            {};

            // matches_
            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr, typename Grammar>
            struct matches_
              : mpl::false_
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr>
            struct matches_< Expr, BasicExpr, proto::_ >
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, long N1, typename Args2, long N2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, N1>, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args2, N2> >
              : vararg_matches< Expr, Args1, Args2, typename Args2::back_, (N1+2 > N2), (N2 > N1) >
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, long N1, typename Args2, long N2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, N1>, proto::basic_expr<proto::_, Args2, N2> >
              : vararg_matches< Expr, Args1, Args2, typename Args2::back_, (N1+2 > N2), (N2 > N1) >
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, typename Args2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, 0>, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args2, 0> >
              : terminal_matches<typename Args1::child0, typename Args2::child0>
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, typename Args2, long N2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, 0>, proto::basic_expr<proto::_, Args2, N2> >
              : mpl::false_
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, typename Args2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, 0>, proto::basic_expr<proto::_, Args2, 0> >
              : terminal_matches<typename Args1::child0, typename Args2::child0>
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, typename Args2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, 1>, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args2, 1> >
              : matches_<
                    typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args1::child0>::value_type::proto_derived_expr
                  , typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args1::child0>::value_type::proto_grammar
                  , typename Args2::child0::proto_grammar
                >
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, typename Args2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, 1>, proto::basic_expr<proto::_, Args2, 1> >
              : matches_<
                    typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args1::child0>::value_type::proto_derived_expr
                  , typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args1::child0>::value_type::proto_grammar
                  , typename Args2::child0::proto_grammar
                >
            {};

        #define BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_N_FUN(Z, N, DATA)                                               \
            matches_<                                                                               \
                typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args1::BOOST_PP_CAT(child, N)>::value_type::proto_derived_expr \
              , typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args1::BOOST_PP_CAT(child, N)>::value_type::proto_grammar \
              , typename Args2::BOOST_PP_CAT(child, N)::proto_grammar                               \
            >

        #define BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_MATCHES(Z, N, DATA)                                              \
            matches_<                                                                               \
                Expr                                                                                \
              , BasicExpr                                                                           \
              , typename BOOST_PP_CAT(G, N)::proto_grammar                                          \
            >

        #define BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_LAMBDA_MATCHES(Z, N, DATA)                                       \
            lambda_matches<                                                                         \
                BOOST_PP_CAT(Expr, N)                                                               \
              , BOOST_PP_CAT(Grammar, N)                                                            \
            >

        #if BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY > BOOST_PROTO_MAX_ARITY
            #define BOOST_PP_ITERATION_PARAMS_1 (4, (2, BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, <boost/proto/matches.hpp>, 1))
        #else
            #define BOOST_PP_ITERATION_PARAMS_1 (4, (2, BOOST_PROTO_MAX_ARITY, <boost/proto/matches.hpp>, 1))
        #endif
        #include BOOST_PP_ITERATE()

        #define BOOST_PP_ITERATION_PARAMS_1 (4, (2, BOOST_PROTO_MAX_ARITY, <boost/proto/matches.hpp>, 2))
        #include BOOST_PP_ITERATE()

        #undef BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_N_FUN
        #undef BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_MATCHES
        #undef BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_LAMBDA_MATCHES

            // handle proto::if_
            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args, long Arity, typename If, typename Then, typename Else>
            struct matches_<Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args, Arity>, proto::if_<If, Then, Else> >
              : mpl::eval_if_c<
                    remove_reference<
                        typename when<_, If>::template impl<Expr, int, int>::result_type
                    >::type::value
                  , matches_<Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args, Arity>, typename Then::proto_grammar>
                  , matches_<Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args, Arity>, typename Else::proto_grammar>
                >::type
            {
                typedef
                    typename mpl::if_c<
                        remove_reference<
                            typename when<_, If>::template impl<Expr, int, int>::result_type
                        >::type::value
                      , Then
                      , Else
                    >::type
                which;
            };

            // handle degenerate cases of proto::or_
            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr>
            struct matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, or_<> >
              : mpl::false_
            {
                typedef not_<_> which;
            };

            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr, typename G0>
            struct matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, or_<G0> >
              : matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, typename G0::proto_grammar>
            {
                typedef G0 which;
            };

            // handle degenerate cases of proto::and_
            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr>
            struct matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, and_<> >
              : mpl::true_
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr, typename G0>
            struct matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, and_<G0> >
              : matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, typename G0::proto_grammar>
            {};

            // handle proto::not_
            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr, typename Grammar>
            struct matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, not_<Grammar> >
              : mpl::not_<matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, typename Grammar::proto_grammar> >
            {};

            // handle proto::switch_
            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args, long Arity, typename Cases>
            struct matches_<Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args, Arity>, switch_<Cases> >
              : matches_<
                    Expr
                  , proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args, Arity>
                  , typename Cases::template case_<Tag>::proto_grammar
                >
            {
                typedef typename Cases::template case_<Tag> which;
            };
        }

        /// \brief A Boolean metafunction that evaluates whether a given
        /// expression type matches a grammar.
        ///
        /// <tt>matches\<Expr,Grammar\></tt> inherits (indirectly) from
        /// \c mpl::true_ if <tt>Expr::proto_grammar</tt> matches
        /// <tt>Grammar::proto_grammar</tt>, and from \c mpl::false_
        /// otherwise.
        ///
        /// Non-terminal expressions are matched against a grammar
        /// according to the following rules:
        ///
        /// \li The wildcard pattern, \c _, matches any expression.
        /// \li An expression <tt>expr\<AT, listN\<A0,A1,...An\> \></tt>
        ///     matches a grammar <tt>expr\<BT, listN\<B0,B1,...Bn\> \></tt>
        ///     if \c BT is \c _ or \c AT, and if \c Ax matches \c Bx for
        ///     each \c x in <tt>[0,n)</tt>.
        /// \li An expression <tt>expr\<AT, listN\<A0,...An,U0,...Um\> \></tt>
        ///     matches a grammar <tt>expr\<BT, listM\<B0,...Bn,vararg\<V\> \> \></tt>
        ///     if \c BT is \c _ or \c AT, and if \c Ax matches \c Bx
        ///     for each \c x in <tt>[0,n)</tt> and if \c Ux matches \c V
        ///     for each \c x in <tt>[0,m)</tt>.
        /// \li An expression \c E matches <tt>or_\<B0,B1,...Bn\></tt> if \c E
        ///     matches some \c Bx for \c x in <tt>[0,n)</tt>.
        /// \li An expression \c E matches <tt>and_\<B0,B1,...Bn\></tt> if \c E
        ///     matches all \c Bx for \c x in <tt>[0,n)</tt>.
        /// \li An expression \c E matches <tt>if_\<T,U,V\></tt> if
        ///     <tt>boost::result_of\<when\<_,T\>(E,int,int)\>::type::value</tt>
        ///     is \c true and \c E matches \c U; or, if
        ///     <tt>boost::result_of\<when\<_,T\>(E,int,int)\>::type::value</tt>
        ///     is \c false and \c E matches \c V. (Note: \c U defaults to \c _
        ///     and \c V defaults to \c not_\<_\>.)
        /// \li An expression \c E matches <tt>not_\<T\></tt> if \c E does
        ///     not match \c T.
        /// \li An expression \c E matches <tt>switch_\<C\></tt> if
        ///     \c E matches <tt>C::case_\<E::proto_tag\></tt>.
        ///
        /// A terminal expression <tt>expr\<AT,term\<A\> \></tt> matches
        /// a grammar <tt>expr\<BT,term\<B\> \></tt> if \c BT is \c AT or
        /// \c proto::_ and if one of the following is true:
        ///
        /// \li \c B is the wildcard pattern, \c _
        /// \li \c A is \c B
        /// \li \c A is <tt>B &</tt>
        /// \li \c A is <tt>B const &</tt>
        /// \li \c B is <tt>exact\<A\></tt>
        /// \li \c B is <tt>convertible_to\<X\></tt> and
        ///     <tt>is_convertible\<A,X\>::value</tt> is \c true.
        /// \li \c A is <tt>X[M]</tt> or <tt>X(&)[M]</tt> and
        ///     \c B is <tt>X[proto::N]</tt>.
        /// \li \c A is <tt>X(&)[M]</tt> and \c B is <tt>X(&)[proto::N]</tt>.
        /// \li \c A is <tt>X[M]</tt> or <tt>X(&)[M]</tt> and
        ///     \c B is <tt>X*</tt>.
        /// \li \c B lambda-matches \c A (see below).
        ///
        /// A type \c B lambda-matches \c A if one of the following is true:
        ///
        /// \li \c B is \c A
        /// \li \c B is the wildcard pattern, \c _
        /// \li \c B is <tt>T\<B0,B1,...Bn\></tt> and \c A is
        ///     <tt>T\<A0,A1,...An\></tt> and for each \c x in
        ///     <tt>[0,n)</tt>, \c Ax and \c Bx are types
        ///     such that \c Ax lambda-matches \c Bx
        template<typename Expr, typename Grammar>
        struct matches
          : detail::matches_<
                typename Expr::proto_derived_expr
              , typename Expr::proto_grammar
              , typename Grammar::proto_grammar
            >
        {};

        /// INTERNAL ONLY
        ///
        template<typename Expr, typename Grammar>
        struct matches<Expr &, Grammar>
          : detail::matches_<
                typename Expr::proto_derived_expr
              , typename Expr::proto_grammar
              , typename Grammar::proto_grammar
            >
        {};

        /// \brief A wildcard grammar element that matches any expression,
        /// and a transform that returns the current expression unchanged.
        ///
        /// The wildcard type, \c _, is a grammar element such that
        /// <tt>matches\<E,_\>::value</tt> is \c true for any expression
        /// type \c E.
        ///
        /// The wildcard can also be used as a stand-in for a template
        /// argument when matching terminals. For instance, the following
        /// is a grammar that will match any <tt>std::complex\<\></tt>
        /// terminal:
        ///
        /// \code
        /// BOOST_MPL_ASSERT((
        ///     matches<
        ///         terminal<std::complex<double> >::type
        ///       , terminal<std::complex< _ > >
        ///     >
        /// ));
        /// \endcode
        ///
        /// When used as a transform, \c _ returns the current expression
        /// unchanged. For instance, in the following, \c _ is used with
        /// the \c fold\<\> transform to fold the children of a node:
        ///
        /// \code
        /// struct CountChildren
        ///   : or_<
        ///         // Terminals have no children
        ///         when<terminal<_>, mpl::int_<0>()>
        ///         // Use fold<> to count the children of non-terminals
        ///       , otherwise<
        ///             fold<
        ///                 _ // <-- fold the current expression
        ///               , mpl::int_<0>()
        ///               , mpl::plus<_state, mpl::int_<1> >()
        ///             >
        ///         >
        ///     >
        /// {};
        /// \endcode
        struct _ : transform<_>
        {
            typedef _ proto_grammar;

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl : transform_impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {
                typedef Expr result_type;

                /// \param expr An expression
                /// \return \c e
                #ifdef BOOST_PROTO_STRICT_RESULT_OF
                result_type
                #else
                typename impl::expr_param 
                #endif
                operator()(
                    typename impl::expr_param e
                  , typename impl::state_param
                  , typename impl::data_param
                ) const
                {
                    return e;
                }
            };
        };

        namespace detail
        {
            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct _and_impl<proto::and_<>, Expr, State, Data>
              : proto::_::impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {};

            template<typename G0, typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct _and_impl<proto::and_<G0>, Expr, State, Data>
              : proto::when<proto::_, G0>::template impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {};
        }

        /// \brief Inverts the set of expressions matched by a grammar. When
        /// used as a transform, \c not_\<\> returns the current expression
        /// unchanged.
        ///
        /// If an expression type \c E does not match a grammar \c G, then
        /// \c E \e does match <tt>not_\<G\></tt>. For example,
        /// <tt>not_\<terminal\<_\> \></tt> will match any non-terminal.
        template<typename Grammar>
        struct not_ : transform<not_<Grammar> >
        {
            typedef not_ proto_grammar;

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl : transform_impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {
                typedef Expr result_type;

                /// \param e An expression
                /// \pre <tt>matches\<Expr,not_\>::value</tt> is \c true.
                /// \return \c e
                #ifdef BOOST_PROTO_STRICT_RESULT_OF
                result_type
                #else
                typename impl::expr_param 
                #endif
                operator()(
                    typename impl::expr_param e
                    , typename impl::state_param
                    , typename impl::data_param
                ) const
                {
                    return e;
                }
            };
        };

        /// \brief Used to select one grammar or another based on the result
        /// of a compile-time Boolean. When used as a transform, \c if_\<\>
        /// selects between two transforms based on a compile-time Boolean.
        ///
        /// When <tt>if_\<If,Then,Else\></tt> is used as a grammar, \c If
        /// must be a Proto transform and \c Then and \c Else must be grammars.
        /// An expression type \c E matches <tt>if_\<If,Then,Else\></tt> if
        /// <tt>boost::result_of\<when\<_,If\>(E,int,int)\>::type::value</tt>
        /// is \c true and \c E matches \c U; or, if
        /// <tt>boost::result_of\<when\<_,If\>(E,int,int)\>::type::value</tt>
        /// is \c false and \c E matches \c V.
        ///
        /// The template parameter \c Then defaults to \c _
        /// and \c Else defaults to \c not\<_\>, so an expression type \c E
        /// will match <tt>if_\<If\></tt> if and only if
        /// <tt>boost::result_of\<when\<_,If\>(E,int,int)\>::type::value</tt>
        /// is \c true.
        ///
        /// \code
        /// // A grammar that only matches integral terminals,
        /// // using is_integral<> from Boost.Type_traits.
        /// struct IsIntegral
        ///   : and_<
        ///         terminal<_>
        ///       , if_< is_integral<_value>() >
        ///     >
        /// {};
        /// \endcode
        ///
        /// When <tt>if_\<If,Then,Else\></tt> is used as a transform, \c If,
        /// \c Then and \c Else must be Proto transforms. When applying
        /// the transform to an expression \c E, state \c S and data \c V,
        /// if <tt>boost::result_of\<when\<_,If\>(E,S,V)\>::type::value</tt>
        /// is \c true then the \c Then transform is applied; otherwise
        /// the \c Else transform is applied.
        ///
        /// \code
        /// // Match a terminal. If the terminal is integral, return
        /// // mpl::true_; otherwise, return mpl::false_.
        /// struct IsIntegral2
        ///   : when<
        ///         terminal<_>
        ///       , if_<
        ///             is_integral<_value>()
        ///           , mpl::true_()
        ///           , mpl::false_()
        ///         >
        ///     >
        /// {};
        /// \endcode
        template<
            typename If
          , typename Then   // = _
          , typename Else   // = not_<_>
        >
        struct if_ : transform<if_<If, Then, Else> >
        {
            typedef if_ proto_grammar;

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl : transform_impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {
                typedef
                    typename when<_, If>::template impl<Expr, State, Data>::result_type
                condition;

                typedef
                    typename mpl::if_c<
                        remove_reference<condition>::type::value
                      , when<_, Then>
                      , when<_, Else>
                    >::type
                which;

                typedef typename which::template impl<Expr, State, Data>::result_type result_type;

                /// \param e An expression
                /// \param s The current state
                /// \param d A data of arbitrary type
                /// \return <tt>which::impl<Expr, State, Data>()(e, s, d)</tt>
                result_type operator ()(
                    typename impl::expr_param e
                  , typename impl::state_param s
                  , typename impl::data_param d
                ) const
                {
                    return typename which::template impl<Expr, State, Data>()(e, s, d);
                }
            };
        };

        /// \brief For matching one of a set of alternate grammars. Alternates
        /// tried in order to avoid ambiguity. When used as a transform, \c or_\<\>
        /// applies the transform associated with the first grammar that matches
        /// the expression.
        ///
        /// An expression type \c E matches <tt>or_\<B0,B1,...Bn\></tt> if \c E
        /// matches any \c Bx for \c x in <tt>[0,n)</tt>.
        ///
        /// When applying <tt>or_\<B0,B1,...Bn\></tt> as a transform with an
        /// expression \c e of type \c E, state \c s and data \c d, it is
        /// equivalent to <tt>Bx()(e, s, d)</tt>, where \c x is the lowest
        /// number such that <tt>matches\<E,Bx\>::value</tt> is \c true.
        template<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, typename G)>
        struct or_ : transform<or_<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, G)> >
        {
            typedef or_ proto_grammar;

            /// \param e An expression
            /// \param s The current state
            /// \param d A data of arbitrary type
            /// \pre <tt>matches\<Expr,or_\>::value</tt> is \c true.
            /// \return <tt>which()(e, s, d)</tt>, where <tt>which</tt> is the
            /// sub-grammar that matched <tt>Expr</tt>.

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl
              : detail::matches_<
                    typename Expr::proto_derived_expr
                  , typename Expr::proto_grammar
                  , or_
                >::which::template impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl<Expr &, State, Data>
              : detail::matches_<
                    typename Expr::proto_derived_expr
                  , typename Expr::proto_grammar
                  , or_
                >::which::template impl<Expr &, State, Data>
            {};
        };

        /// \brief For matching all of a set of grammars. When used as a
        /// transform, \c and_\<\> applies the transforms associated with
        /// the each grammar in the set, and returns the result of the last.
        ///
        /// An expression type \c E matches <tt>and_\<B0,B1,...Bn\></tt> if \c E
        /// matches all \c Bx for \c x in <tt>[0,n)</tt>.
        ///
        /// When applying <tt>and_\<B0,B1,...Bn\></tt> as a transform with an
        /// expression \c e, state \c s and data \c d, it is
        /// equivalent to <tt>(B0()(e, s, d),B1()(e, s, d),...Bn()(e, s, d))</tt>.
        template<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, typename G)>
        struct and_ : transform<and_<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, G)> >
        {
            typedef and_ proto_grammar;

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl
              : detail::_and_impl<and_, Expr, State, Data>
            {};
        };

        /// \brief For matching one of a set of alternate grammars, which
        /// are looked up based on an expression's tag type. When used as a
        /// transform, \c switch_\<\> applies the transform associated with
        /// the grammar that matches the expression.
        ///
        /// \note \c switch_\<\> is functionally identical to \c or_\<\> but
        /// is often more efficient. It does a fast, O(1) lookup based on an
        /// expression's tag type to find a sub-grammar that may potentially
        /// match the expression.
        ///
        /// An expression type \c E matches <tt>switch_\<C\></tt> if \c E
        /// matches <tt>C::case_\<E::proto_tag\></tt>.
        ///
        /// When applying <tt>switch_\<C\></tt> as a transform with an
        /// expression \c e of type \c E, state \c s and data \c d, it is
        /// equivalent to <tt>C::case_\<E::proto_tag\>()(e, s, d)</tt>.
        template<typename Cases>
        struct switch_ : transform<switch_<Cases> >
        {
            typedef switch_ proto_grammar;

            /// \param e An expression
            /// \param s The current state
            /// \param d A data of arbitrary type
            /// \pre <tt>matches\<Expr,switch_\>::value</tt> is \c true.
            /// \return <tt>which()(e, s, d)</tt>, where <tt>which</tt> is
            /// <tt>Cases::case_<typename Expr::proto_tag></tt>

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl
              : Cases::template case_<typename Expr::proto_tag>::template impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct impl<Expr &, State, Data>
              : Cases::template case_<typename Expr::proto_tag>::template impl<Expr &, State, Data>
            {};
        };

        /// \brief For forcing exact matches of terminal types.
        ///
        /// By default, matching terminals ignores references and
        /// cv-qualifiers. For instance, a terminal expression of
        /// type <tt>terminal\<int const &\>::type</tt> will match
        /// the grammar <tt>terminal\<int\></tt>. If that is not
        /// desired, you can force an exact match with
        /// <tt>terminal\<exact\<int\> \></tt>. This will only
        /// match integer terminals where the terminal is held by
        /// value.
        template<typename T>
        struct exact
        {};

        /// \brief For matching terminals that are convertible to
        /// a type.
        ///
        /// Use \c convertible_to\<\> to match a terminal that is
        /// convertible to some type. For example, the grammar
        /// <tt>terminal\<convertible_to\<int\> \></tt> will match
        /// any terminal whose argument is convertible to an integer.
        ///
        /// \note The trait \c is_convertible\<\> from Boost.Type_traits
        /// is used to determinal convertibility.
        template<typename T>
        struct convertible_to
        {};

        /// \brief For matching a Grammar to a variable number of
        /// sub-expressions.
        ///
        /// An expression type <tt>expr\<AT, listN\<A0,...An,U0,...Um\> \></tt>
        /// matches a grammar <tt>expr\<BT, listM\<B0,...Bn,vararg\<V\> \> \></tt>
        /// if \c BT is \c _ or \c AT, and if \c Ax matches \c Bx
        /// for each \c x in <tt>[0,n)</tt> and if \c Ux matches \c V
        /// for each \c x in <tt>[0,m)</tt>.
        ///
        /// For example:
        ///
        /// \code
        /// // Match any function call expression, irregardless
        /// // of the number of function arguments:
        /// struct Function
        ///   : function< vararg<_> >
        /// {};
        /// \endcode
        ///
        /// When used as a transform, <tt>vararg\<G\></tt> applies
        /// <tt>G</tt>'s transform.
        template<typename Grammar>
        struct vararg
          : Grammar
        {
            /// INTERNAL ONLY
            typedef void proto_is_vararg_;
        };

        /// INTERNAL ONLY
        ///
        template<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, typename G)>
        struct is_callable<or_<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, G)> >
          : mpl::true_
        {};

        /// INTERNAL ONLY
        ///
        template<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, typename G)>
        struct is_callable<and_<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY, G)> >
          : mpl::true_
        {};

        /// INTERNAL ONLY
        ///
        template<typename Grammar>
        struct is_callable<not_<Grammar> >
          : mpl::true_
        {};

        /// INTERNAL ONLY
        ///
        template<typename If, typename Then, typename Else>
        struct is_callable<if_<If, Then, Else> >
          : mpl::true_
        {};

        /// INTERNAL ONLY
        ///
        template<typename Grammar>
        struct is_callable<vararg<Grammar> >
          : mpl::true_
        {};

        /// INTERNAL ONLY
        ///
        template<typename Cases>
        struct is_callable<switch_<Cases> >
          : mpl::true_
        {};

    }}

    #if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1020)
    # pragma warning(pop)
    #endif

    #endif

#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_FLAGS() == 1

    #define N BOOST_PP_ITERATION()

            // Assymetry here between the handling of and_N and or_N because
            // and_N is used by lambda_matches up to BOOST_PROTO_MAX_ARITY,
            // regardless of how low BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY is.
            template<bool B, BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PP_DEC(N), typename P)>
            struct BOOST_PP_CAT(and_, N)
            #if 2 == N
              : mpl::bool_<P0::value>
            {};
            #else
              : BOOST_PP_CAT(and_, BOOST_PP_DEC(N))<
                    P0::value BOOST_PP_COMMA_IF(BOOST_PP_SUB(N,2))
                    BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_PARAMS(BOOST_PP_DEC(N), P)
                >
            {};
            #endif

            template<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PP_DEC(N), typename P)>
            struct BOOST_PP_CAT(and_, N)<false, BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PP_DEC(N), P)>
              : mpl::false_
            {};

        #if N <= BOOST_PROTO_MAX_LOGICAL_ARITY
            template<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, typename G), typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
            struct _and_impl<proto::and_<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, G)>, Expr, State, Data>
              : proto::transform_impl<Expr, State, Data>
            {
                #define M0(Z, N, DATA)                                                            \
                typedef                                                                           \
                    typename proto::when<proto::_, BOOST_PP_CAT(G, N)>                            \
                        ::template impl<Expr, State, Data>                                        \
                BOOST_PP_CAT(Gimpl, N);                                                           \
                /**/
                BOOST_PP_REPEAT(N, M0, ~)
                #undef M0

                typedef typename BOOST_PP_CAT(Gimpl, BOOST_PP_DEC(N))::result_type result_type;

                result_type operator()(
                    typename _and_impl::expr_param e
                  , typename _and_impl::state_param s
                  , typename _and_impl::data_param d
                ) const
                {
                    // Fix: jfalcou - 12/29/2010
                    // Avoid the use of comma operator here so as not to find Proto's
                    // by accident.
                    // expands to G0()(e,s,d); G1()(e,s,d); ... G{N-1}()(e,s,d);
                    #define M0(Z,N,DATA) BOOST_PP_CAT(Gimpl,N)()(e,s,d);
                    BOOST_PP_REPEAT(BOOST_PP_DEC(N),M0,~)
                    return BOOST_PP_CAT(Gimpl,BOOST_PP_DEC(N))()(e,s,d);
                    #undef M0
                }
            };

            template<bool B, typename Expr, typename BasicExpr, BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, typename G)>
            struct BOOST_PP_CAT(or_, N)
            #if 2 == N
              : mpl::bool_<matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, typename G1::proto_grammar>::value>
            {
                typedef G1 which;
            };
            #else
              : BOOST_PP_CAT(or_, BOOST_PP_DEC(N))<
                    matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, typename G1::proto_grammar>::value
                  , Expr, BasicExpr, BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED_PARAMS(N, G)
                >
            {};
            #endif

            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr BOOST_PP_ENUM_TRAILING_PARAMS(N, typename G)>
            struct BOOST_PP_CAT(or_, N)<true, Expr, BasicExpr, BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, G)>
              : mpl::true_
            {
                typedef G0 which;
            };

            // handle proto::or_
            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr BOOST_PP_ENUM_TRAILING_PARAMS(N, typename G)>
            struct matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, proto::or_<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, G)> >
              : BOOST_PP_CAT(or_, N)<
                    matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, typename G0::proto_grammar>::value,
                    Expr, BasicExpr BOOST_PP_ENUM_TRAILING_PARAMS(N, G)
                >
            {};

            // handle proto::and_
            template<typename Expr, typename BasicExpr, BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, typename G)>
            struct matches_<Expr, BasicExpr, proto::and_<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, G)> >
              : detail::BOOST_PP_CAT(and_, N)<
                    BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_MATCHES(~, 0, ~)::value,
                    BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED(N, BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_MATCHES, ~)
                >
            {};
        #endif

    #undef N

#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_FLAGS() == 2

    #define N BOOST_PP_ITERATION()

            template<typename Args, typename Back, long To>
            struct vararg_matches_impl<Args, Back, N, To>
              : and_2<
                    matches_<
                        typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args::BOOST_PP_CAT(child, BOOST_PP_DEC(N))>::value_type::proto_derived_expr
                      , typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args::BOOST_PP_CAT(child, BOOST_PP_DEC(N))>::value_type::proto_grammar
                      , Back
                    >::value
                  , vararg_matches_impl<Args, Back, N + 1, To>
                >
            {};

            template<typename Args, typename Back>
            struct vararg_matches_impl<Args, Back, N, N>
              : matches_<
                    typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args::BOOST_PP_CAT(child, BOOST_PP_DEC(N))>::value_type::proto_derived_expr
                  , typename detail::expr_traits<typename Args::BOOST_PP_CAT(child, BOOST_PP_DEC(N))>::value_type::proto_grammar
                  , Back
                >
            {};

            template<
                template<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, typename BOOST_PP_INTERCEPT)> class T
                BOOST_PP_ENUM_TRAILING_PARAMS(N, typename Expr)
                BOOST_PP_ENUM_TRAILING_PARAMS(N, typename Grammar)
            >
            struct lambda_matches<
                T<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, Expr)>
              , T<BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(N, Grammar)>
                BOOST_MPL_AUX_LAMBDA_ARITY_PARAM(N)
            >
              : BOOST_PP_CAT(and_, N)<
                    BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_LAMBDA_MATCHES(~, 0, ~)::value,
                    BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED(N, BOOST_PROTO_DEFINE_LAMBDA_MATCHES, ~)
                >
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, typename Args2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, N>, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args2, N> >
              : BOOST_PP_CAT(and_, N)<
                    BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_N_FUN(~, 0, ~)::value,
                    BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED(N, BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_N_FUN, ~)
                >
            {};

            template<typename Expr, typename Tag, typename Args1, typename Args2>
            struct matches_< Expr, proto::basic_expr<Tag, Args1, N>, proto::basic_expr<proto::_, Args2, N> >
              : BOOST_PP_CAT(and_, N)<
                    BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_N_FUN(~, 0, ~)::value,
                    BOOST_PP_ENUM_SHIFTED(N, BOOST_PROTO_MATCHES_N_FUN, ~)
                >
            {};

    #undef N

#endif