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+/* boost random/linear_congruential.hpp header file
+ *
+ * Copyright Jens Maurer 2000-2001
+ * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
+ * accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+ * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+ *
+ * See http://www.boost.org for most recent version including documentation.
+ *
+ * $Id: linear_congruential.hpp 60755 2010-03-22 00:45:06Z steven_watanabe $
+ *
+ * Revision history
+ *  2001-02-18  moved to individual header files
+ */
+
+#ifndef BOOST_RANDOM_LINEAR_CONGRUENTIAL_HPP
+#define BOOST_RANDOM_LINEAR_CONGRUENTIAL_HPP
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <boost/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/limits.hpp>
+#include <boost/static_assert.hpp>
+#include <boost/random/detail/config.hpp>
+#include <boost/random/detail/const_mod.hpp>
+#include <boost/detail/workaround.hpp>
+
+#include <boost/random/detail/disable_warnings.hpp>
+
+namespace boost {
+namespace random {
+
+/**
+ * Instantiations of class template linear_congruential model a
+ * \pseudo_random_number_generator. Linear congruential pseudo-random
+ * number generators are described in:
+ *
+ *  "Mathematical methods in large-scale computing units", D. H. Lehmer,
+ *  Proc. 2nd Symposium on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machines,
+ *  Harvard University Press, 1951, pp. 141-146
+ *
+ * Let x(n) denote the sequence of numbers returned by some pseudo-random
+ * number generator. Then for the linear congruential generator,
+ * x(n+1) := (a * x(n) + c) mod m. Parameters for the generator are
+ * x(0), a, c, m. The template parameter IntType shall denote an integral
+ * type. It must be large enough to hold values a, c, and m. The template
+ * parameters a and c must be smaller than m.
+ *
+ * Note: The quality of the generator crucially depends on the choice of
+ * the parameters. User code should use one of the sensibly parameterized
+ * generators such as minstd_rand instead.
+ */
+template<class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+class linear_congruential
+{
+public:
+  typedef IntType result_type;
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_INCLASS_MEMBER_INITIALIZATION
+  static const bool has_fixed_range = true;
+  static const result_type min_value = ( c == 0 ? 1 : 0 );
+  static const result_type max_value = m-1;
+#else
+  BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, has_fixed_range = false);
+#endif
+  BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(IntType, multiplier = a);
+  BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(IntType, increment = c);
+  BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(IntType, modulus = m);
+
+  // MSVC 6 and possibly others crash when encountering complicated integral
+  // constant expressions.  Avoid the check for now.
+  // BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(m == 0 || a < m);
+  // BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(m == 0 || c < m);
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a linear_congruential generator, seeding it with @c x0.
+   */
+  explicit linear_congruential(IntType x0 = 1)
+  { 
+    seed(x0);
+
+    // MSVC fails BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT with std::numeric_limits at class scope
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_LIMITS_COMPILE_TIME_CONSTANTS
+    BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(std::numeric_limits<IntType>::is_integer);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a @c linear_congruential generator and seeds it
+   * with values taken from the itrator range [first, last)
+   * and adjusts first to point to the element after the last one
+   * used.  If there are not enough elements, throws @c std::invalid_argument.
+   *
+   * first and last must be input iterators.
+   */
+  template<class It>
+  linear_congruential(It& first, It last)
+  {
+      seed(first, last);
+  }
+
+  // compiler-generated copy constructor and assignment operator are fine
+
+  /**
+   * If c mod m is zero and x0 mod m is zero, changes the current value of
+   * the generator to 1. Otherwise, changes it to x0 mod m. If c is zero,
+   * distinct seeds in the range [1,m) will leave the generator in distinct
+   * states. If c is not zero, the range is [0,m).
+   */
+  void seed(IntType x0 = 1)
+  {
+    // wrap _x if it doesn't fit in the destination
+    if(modulus == 0) {
+      _x = x0;
+    } else {
+      _x = x0 % modulus;
+    }
+    // handle negative seeds
+    if(_x <= 0 && _x != 0) {
+      _x += modulus;
+    }
+    // adjust to the correct range
+    if(increment == 0 && _x == 0) {
+      _x = 1;
+    }
+    assert(_x >= (min)());
+    assert(_x <= (max)());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * seeds a @c linear_congruential generator with values taken
+   * from the itrator range [first, last) and adjusts @c first to
+   * point to the element after the last one used.  If there are
+   * not enough elements, throws @c std::invalid_argument.
+   *
+   * @c first and @c last must be input iterators.
+   */
+  template<class It>
+  void seed(It& first, It last)
+  {
+    if(first == last)
+      throw std::invalid_argument("linear_congruential::seed");
+    seed(*first++);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the smallest value that the @c linear_congruential generator
+   * can produce.
+   */
+  result_type min BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION () const { return c == 0 ? 1 : 0; }
+  /**
+   * Returns the largest value that the @c linear_congruential generator
+   * can produce.
+   */
+  result_type max BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION () const { return modulus-1; }
+
+  /** Returns the next value of the @c linear_congruential generator. */
+  IntType operator()()
+  {
+    _x = const_mod<IntType, m>::mult_add(a, _x, c);
+    return _x;
+  }
+
+  static bool validation(IntType x) { return val == x; }
+
+#ifdef BOOST_NO_OPERATORS_IN_NAMESPACE
+    
+  // Use a member function; Streamable concept not supported.
+  bool operator==(const linear_congruential& rhs) const
+  { return _x == rhs._x; }
+  bool operator!=(const linear_congruential& rhs) const
+  { return !(*this == rhs); }
+
+#else 
+  friend bool operator==(const linear_congruential& x,
+                         const linear_congruential& y)
+  { return x._x == y._x; }
+  friend bool operator!=(const linear_congruential& x,
+                         const linear_congruential& y)
+  { return !(x == y); }
+    
+#if !defined(BOOST_RANDOM_NO_STREAM_OPERATORS) && !BOOST_WORKAROUND(__BORLANDC__, BOOST_TESTED_AT(0x551))
+  template<class CharT, class Traits>
+  friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
+  operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os,
+             const linear_congruential& lcg)
+  {
+    return os << lcg._x;
+  }
+
+  template<class CharT, class Traits>
+  friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
+  operator>>(std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is,
+             linear_congruential& lcg)
+  {
+    return is >> lcg._x;
+  }
+ 
+private:
+#endif
+#endif
+
+  IntType _x;
+};
+
+// probably needs the "no native streams" caveat for STLPort
+#if !defined(__SGI_STL_PORT) && BOOST_WORKAROUND(__GNUC__, == 2)
+template<class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+std::ostream&
+operator<<(std::ostream& os,
+           const linear_congruential<IntType,a,c,m,val>& lcg)
+{
+    return os << lcg._x;
+}
+
+template<class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+std::istream&
+operator>>(std::istream& is,
+           linear_congruential<IntType,a,c,m,val>& lcg)
+{
+    return is >> lcg._x;
+}
+#elif defined(BOOST_RANDOM_NO_STREAM_OPERATORS) || BOOST_WORKAROUND(__BORLANDC__, BOOST_TESTED_AT(0x551))
+template<class CharT, class Traits, class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
+operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os,
+           const linear_congruential<IntType,a,c,m,val>& lcg)
+{
+    return os << lcg._x;
+}
+
+template<class CharT, class Traits, class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
+operator>>(std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is,
+           linear_congruential<IntType,a,c,m,val>& lcg)
+{
+    return is >> lcg._x;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_INCLASS_MEMBER_INITIALIZATION
+//  A definition is required even for integral static constants
+template<class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+const bool linear_congruential<IntType, a, c, m, val>::has_fixed_range;
+template<class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+const typename linear_congruential<IntType, a, c, m, val>::result_type linear_congruential<IntType, a, c, m, val>::min_value;
+template<class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+const typename linear_congruential<IntType, a, c, m, val>::result_type linear_congruential<IntType, a, c, m, val>::max_value;
+template<class IntType, IntType a, IntType c, IntType m, IntType val>
+const IntType linear_congruential<IntType,a,c,m,val>::modulus;
+#endif
+
+} // namespace random
+
+// validation values from the publications
+/**
+ * The specialization \minstd_rand0 was originally suggested in
+ *
+ *  @blockquote
+ *  A pseudo-random number generator for the System/360, P.A. Lewis,
+ *  A.S. Goodman, J.M. Miller, IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2,
+ *  1969, pp. 136-146
+ *  @endblockquote
+ *
+ * It is examined more closely together with \minstd_rand in
+ *
+ *  @blockquote
+ *  "Random Number Generators: Good ones are hard to find",
+ *  Stephen K. Park and Keith W. Miller, Communications of
+ *  the ACM, Vol. 31, No. 10, October 1988, pp. 1192-1201 
+ *  @endblockquote
+ */
+typedef random::linear_congruential<int32_t, 16807, 0, 2147483647, 
+  1043618065> minstd_rand0;
+
+/** The specialization \minstd_rand was suggested in
+ *
+ *  @blockquote
+ *  "Random Number Generators: Good ones are hard to find",
+ *  Stephen K. Park and Keith W. Miller, Communications of
+ *  the ACM, Vol. 31, No. 10, October 1988, pp. 1192-1201
+ *  @endblockquote
+ */
+typedef random::linear_congruential<int32_t, 48271, 0, 2147483647,
+  399268537> minstd_rand;
+
+
+#if !defined(BOOST_NO_INT64_T) && !defined(BOOST_NO_INTEGRAL_INT64_T)
+/** Class @c rand48 models a \pseudo_random_number_generator. It uses
+ * the linear congruential algorithm with the parameters a = 0x5DEECE66D,
+ * c = 0xB, m = 2**48. It delivers identical results to the @c lrand48()
+ * function available on some systems (assuming lcong48 has not been called).
+ *
+ * It is only available on systems where @c uint64_t is provided as an
+ * integral type, so that for example static in-class constants and/or
+ * enum definitions with large @c uint64_t numbers work.
+ */
+class rand48 
+{
+public:
+  typedef int32_t result_type;
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_INCLASS_MEMBER_INITIALIZATION
+  static const bool has_fixed_range = true;
+  static const int32_t min_value = 0;
+  static const int32_t max_value = integer_traits<int32_t>::const_max;
+#else
+  enum { has_fixed_range = false };
+#endif
+  /**
+   * Returns the smallest value that the generator can produce
+   */
+  int32_t min BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION () const { return 0; }
+  /**
+   * Returns the largest value that the generator can produce
+   */
+  int32_t max BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION () const { return std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION (); }
+  
+#ifdef BOOST_RANDOM_DOXYGEN
+  /**
+   * If T is an integral type smaller than int46_t, constructs
+   * a \rand48 generator with x(0) := (x0 << 16) | 0x330e.  Otherwise
+   * constructs a \rand48 generator with x(0) = x0.
+   */
+  template<class T> explicit rand48(T x0 = 1);
+#else
+  rand48() : lcf(cnv(static_cast<int32_t>(1))) {}
+  template<class T> explicit rand48(T x0) : lcf(cnv(x0)) { }
+#endif
+  template<class It> rand48(It& first, It last) : lcf(first, last) { }
+
+  // compiler-generated copy ctor and assignment operator are fine
+
+#ifdef BOOST_RANDOM_DOXYGEN
+  /**
+   * If T is an integral type smaller than int46_t, changes
+   * the current value x(n) of the generator to (x0 << 16) | 0x330e.
+   * Otherwise changes the current value x(n) to x0.
+   */
+  template<class T> void seed(T x0 = 1);
+#else
+  void seed() { seed(static_cast<int32_t>(1)); }
+  template<class T> void seed(T x0) { lcf.seed(cnv(x0)); }
+#endif
+  template<class It> void seed(It& first, It last) { lcf.seed(first,last); }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the next value of the generator.
+   */
+  int32_t operator()() { return static_cast<int32_t>(lcf() >> 17); }
+  // by experiment from lrand48()
+  static bool validation(int32_t x) { return x == 1993516219; }
+
+#ifndef BOOST_NO_OPERATORS_IN_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifndef BOOST_RANDOM_NO_STREAM_OPERATORS
+  template<class CharT,class Traits>
+  friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
+  operator<<(std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const rand48& r)
+  { os << r.lcf; return os; }
+
+  template<class CharT,class Traits>
+  friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
+  operator>>(std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is, rand48& r)
+  { is >> r.lcf; return is; }
+#endif
+
+  friend bool operator==(const rand48& x, const rand48& y)
+  { return x.lcf == y.lcf; }
+  friend bool operator!=(const rand48& x, const rand48& y)
+  { return !(x == y); }
+#else
+  // Use a member function; Streamable concept not supported.
+  bool operator==(const rand48& rhs) const
+  { return lcf == rhs.lcf; }
+  bool operator!=(const rand48& rhs) const
+  { return !(*this == rhs); }
+#endif
+private:
+  /// \cond hide_private_members
+  random::linear_congruential<uint64_t,
+    uint64_t(0xDEECE66DUL) | (uint64_t(0x5) << 32), // xxxxULL is not portable
+    0xB, uint64_t(1)<<48, /* unknown */ 0> lcf;
+  template<class T>
+  static uint64_t cnv(T x) 
+  {
+    if(sizeof(T) < sizeof(uint64_t)) {
+      return (static_cast<uint64_t>(x) << 16) | 0x330e;
+    } else {
+      return(static_cast<uint64_t>(x));
+    }
+  }
+  static uint64_t cnv(float x) { return(static_cast<uint64_t>(x)); }
+  static uint64_t cnv(double x) { return(static_cast<uint64_t>(x)); }
+  static uint64_t cnv(long double x) { return(static_cast<uint64_t>(x)); }
+  /// \endcond
+};
+#endif /* !BOOST_NO_INT64_T && !BOOST_NO_INTEGRAL_INT64_T */
+
+} // namespace boost
+
+#include <boost/random/detail/enable_warnings.hpp>
+
+#endif // BOOST_RANDOM_LINEAR_CONGRUENTIAL_HPP