+# python

+*.pyc

+Changes for 1.7.0:

+

+* New feature: death tests are supported on OpenBSD and in iOS

+ simulator now.

+* New feature: Google Test now implements a protocol to allow

+ a test runner to detect that a test program has exited

+ prematurely and report it as a failure (before it would be

+ falsely reported as a success if the exit code is 0).

+* New feature: Test::RecordProperty() can now be used outside of the

+ lifespan of a test method, in which case it will be attributed to

+ the current test case or the test program in the XML report.

+* New feature (potentially breaking): --gtest_list_tests now prints

+ the type parameters and value parameters for each test.

+* Improvement: char pointers and char arrays are now escaped properly

+ in failure messages.

+* Improvement: failure summary in XML reports now includes file and

+ line information.

+* Improvement: the <testsuites> XML element now has a timestamp attribute.

+* Improvement: When --gtest_filter is specified, XML report now doesn't

+ contain information about tests that are filtered out.

+* Fixed the bug where long --gtest_filter flag values are truncated in

+ death tests.

+* Potentially breaking change: RUN_ALL_TESTS() is now implemented as a

+ function instead of a macro in order to work better with Clang.

+* Compatibility fixes with C++ 11 and various platforms.

+* Bug/warning fixes.

+

+Changes for 1.6.0:

+

+* New feature: ADD_FAILURE_AT() for reporting a test failure at the

+ given source location -- useful for writing testing utilities.

+* New feature: the universal value printer is moved from Google Mock

+ to Google Test.

+* New feature: type parameters and value parameters are reported in

+ the XML report now.

+* A gtest_disable_pthreads CMake option.

+* Colored output works in GNU Screen sessions now.

+* Parameters of value-parameterized tests are now printed in the

+ textual output.

+* Failures from ad hoc test assertions run before RUN_ALL_TESTS() are

+ now correctly reported.

+* Arguments of ASSERT_XY and EXPECT_XY no longer need to support << to

+ ostream.

+* More complete handling of exceptions.

+* GTEST_ASSERT_XY can be used instead of ASSERT_XY in case the latter

+ name is already used by another library.

+* --gtest_catch_exceptions is now true by default, allowing a test

+ program to continue after an exception is thrown.

+* Value-parameterized test fixtures can now derive from Test and

+ WithParamInterface<T> separately, easing conversion of legacy tests.

+* Death test messages are clearly marked to make them more

+ distinguishable from other messages.

+* Compatibility fixes for Android, Google Native Client, MinGW, HP UX,

+ PowerPC, Lucid autotools, libCStd, Sun C++, Borland C++ Builder (Code Gear),

+ IBM XL C++ (Visual Age C++), and C++0x.

+* Bug fixes and implementation clean-ups.

+* Potentially incompatible changes: disables the harmful 'make install'

+ command in autotools.

+

+Changes for 1.5.0:

+

+ * New feature: assertions can be safely called in multiple threads

+ where the pthreads library is available.

+ * New feature: predicates used inside EXPECT_TRUE() and friends

+ can now generate custom failure messages.

+ * New feature: Google Test can now be compiled as a DLL.

+ * New feature: fused source files are included.

+ * New feature: prints help when encountering unrecognized Google Test flags.

+ * Experimental feature: CMake build script (requires CMake 2.6.4+).

+ * Experimental feature: the Pump script for meta programming.

+ * double values streamed to an assertion are printed with enough precision

+ to differentiate any two different values.

+ * Google Test now works on Solaris and AIX.

+ * Build and test script improvements.

+ * Bug fixes and implementation clean-ups.

+

+ Potentially breaking changes:

+

+ * Stopped supporting VC++ 7.1 with exceptions disabled.

+ * Dropped support for 'make install'.

+

+Changes for 1.4.0:

+

+ * New feature: the event listener API

+ * New feature: test shuffling

+ * New feature: the XML report format is closer to junitreport and can

+ be parsed by Hudson now.

+ * New feature: when a test runs under Visual Studio, its failures are

+ integrated in the IDE.

+ * New feature: /MD(d) versions of VC++ projects.

+ * New feature: elapsed time for the tests is printed by default.

+ * New feature: comes with a TR1 tuple implementation such that Boost

+ is no longer needed for Combine().

+ * New feature: EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED macro and friends.

+ * New feature: the Xcode project can now produce static gtest

+ libraries in addition to a framework.

+ * Compatibility fixes for Solaris, Cygwin, minGW, Windows Mobile,

+ Symbian, gcc, and C++Builder.

+ * Bug fixes and implementation clean-ups.

+

+Changes for 1.3.0:

+

+ * New feature: death tests on Windows, Cygwin, and Mac.

+ * New feature: ability to use Google Test assertions in other testing

+ frameworks.

+ * New feature: ability to run disabled test via

+ --gtest_also_run_disabled_tests.

+ * New feature: the --help flag for printing the usage.

+ * New feature: access to Google Test flag values in user code.

+ * New feature: a script that packs Google Test into one .h and one

+ .cc file for easy deployment.

+ * New feature: support for distributing test functions to multiple

+ machines (requires support from the test runner).

+ * Bug fixes and implementation clean-ups.

+

+Changes for 1.2.1:

+

+ * Compatibility fixes for Linux IA-64 and IBM z/OS.

+ * Added support for using Boost and other TR1 implementations.

+ * Changes to the build scripts to support upcoming release of Google C++

+ Mocking Framework.

+ * Added Makefile to the distribution package.

+ * Improved build instructions in README.

+

+Changes for 1.2.0:

+

+ * New feature: value-parameterized tests.

+ * New feature: the ASSERT/EXPECT_(NON)FATAL_FAILURE(_ON_ALL_THREADS)

+ macros.

+ * Changed the XML report format to match JUnit/Ant's.

+ * Added tests to the Xcode project.

+ * Added scons/SConscript for building with SCons.

+ * Added src/gtest-all.cc for building Google Test from a single file.

+ * Fixed compatibility with Solaris and z/OS.

+ * Enabled running Python tests on systems with python 2.3 installed,

+ e.g. Mac OS X 10.4.

+ * Bug fixes.

+

+Changes for 1.1.0:

+

+ * New feature: type-parameterized tests.

+ * New feature: exception assertions.

+ * New feature: printing elapsed time of tests.

+ * Improved the robustness of death tests.

+ * Added an Xcode project and samples.

+ * Adjusted the output format on Windows to be understandable by Visual Studio.

+ * Minor bug fixes.

+

+Changes for 1.0.1:

+

+ * Added project files for Visual Studio 7.1.

+ * Fixed issues with compiling on Mac OS X.

+ * Fixed issues with compiling on Cygwin.

+

+Changes for 1.0.0:

+

+ * Initial Open Source release of Google Test

+########################################################################

+# CMake build script for Google Test.

+#

+# To run the tests for Google Test itself on Linux, use 'make test' or

+# ctest. You can select which tests to run using 'ctest -R regex'.

+# For more options, run 'ctest --help'.

+

+# BUILD_SHARED_LIBS is a standard CMake variable, but we declare it here to

+# make it prominent in the GUI.

+option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build shared libraries (DLLs)." OFF)

+

+# When other libraries are using a shared version of runtime libraries,

+# Google Test also has to use one.

+option(

+ gtest_force_shared_crt

+ "Use shared (DLL) run-time lib even when Google Test is built as static lib."

+ OFF)

+

+option(gtest_build_tests "Build all of gtest's own tests." OFF)

+

+option(gtest_build_samples "Build gtest's sample programs." OFF)

+

+option(gtest_disable_pthreads "Disable uses of pthreads in gtest." OFF)

+

+option(

+ gtest_hide_internal_symbols

+ "Build gtest with internal symbols hidden in shared libraries."

+ OFF)

+

+# Defines pre_project_set_up_hermetic_build() and set_up_hermetic_build().

+include(cmake/hermetic_build.cmake OPTIONAL)

+

+if (COMMAND pre_project_set_up_hermetic_build)

+ pre_project_set_up_hermetic_build()

+endif()

+

+########################################################################

+#

+# Project-wide settings

+

+# Name of the project.

+#

+# CMake files in this project can refer to the root source directory

+# as ${gtest_SOURCE_DIR} and to the root binary directory as

+# ${gtest_BINARY_DIR}.

+# Language "C" is required for find_package(Threads).

+project(gtest CXX C)

+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6.2)

+

+if (COMMAND set_up_hermetic_build)

+ set_up_hermetic_build()

+endif()

+

+if (gtest_hide_internal_symbols)

+ set(CMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET hidden)

+ set(CMAKE_VISIBILITY_INLINES_HIDDEN 1)

+endif()

+

+# Define helper functions and macros used by Google Test.

+include(cmake/internal_utils.cmake)

+

+config_compiler_and_linker() # Defined in internal_utils.cmake.

+

+# Where Google Test's .h files can be found.

+include_directories(

+ ${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/include

+ ${gtest_SOURCE_DIR})

+

+# Where Google Test's libraries can be found.

+link_directories(${gtest_BINARY_DIR}/src)

+

+# Summary of tuple support for Microsoft Visual Studio:

+# Compiler version(MS) version(cmake) Support

+# ---------- ----------- -------------- -----------------------------

+# <= VS 2010 <= 10 <= 1600 Use Google Tests's own tuple.

+# VS 2012 11 1700 std::tr1::tuple + _VARIADIC_MAX=10

+# VS 2013 12 1800 std::tr1::tuple

+if (MSVC AND MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1700)

+ add_definitions(/D _VARIADIC_MAX=10)

+endif()

+

+########################################################################

+#

+# Defines the gtest & gtest_main libraries. User tests should link

+# with one of them.

+

+# Google Test libraries. We build them using more strict warnings than what

+# are used for other targets, to ensure that gtest can be compiled by a user

+# aggressive about warnings.

+cxx_library(gtest "${cxx_strict}" src/gtest-all.cc)

+cxx_library(gtest_main "${cxx_strict}" src/gtest_main.cc)

+target_link_libraries(gtest_main gtest)

+

+# If the CMake version supports it, attach header directory information

+# to the targets for when we are part of a parent build (ie being pulled

+# in via add_subdirectory() rather than being a standalone build).

+if (DEFINED CMAKE_VERSION AND NOT "${CMAKE_VERSION}" VERSION_LESS "2.8.11")

+ target_include_directories(gtest INTERFACE "${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/include")

+ target_include_directories(gtest_main INTERFACE "${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/include")

+endif()

+

+########################################################################

+#

+# Install rules

+install(TARGETS gtest gtest_main

+ DESTINATION lib)

+install(DIRECTORY ${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/include/gtest

+ DESTINATION include)

+

+########################################################################

+#

+# Samples on how to link user tests with gtest or gtest_main.

+#

+# They are not built by default. To build them, set the

+# gtest_build_samples option to ON. You can do it by running ccmake

+# or specifying the -Dgtest_build_samples=ON flag when running cmake.

+

+if (gtest_build_samples)

+ cxx_executable(sample1_unittest samples gtest_main samples/sample1.cc)

+ cxx_executable(sample2_unittest samples gtest_main samples/sample2.cc)

+ cxx_executable(sample3_unittest samples gtest_main)

+ cxx_executable(sample4_unittest samples gtest_main samples/sample4.cc)

+ cxx_executable(sample5_unittest samples gtest_main samples/sample1.cc)

+ cxx_executable(sample6_unittest samples gtest_main)

+ cxx_executable(sample7_unittest samples gtest_main)

+ cxx_executable(sample8_unittest samples gtest_main)

+ cxx_executable(sample9_unittest samples gtest)

+ cxx_executable(sample10_unittest samples gtest)

+endif()

+

+########################################################################

+#

+# Google Test's own tests.

+#

+# You can skip this section if you aren't interested in testing

+# Google Test itself.

+#

+# The tests are not built by default. To build them, set the

+# gtest_build_tests option to ON. You can do it by running ccmake

+# or specifying the -Dgtest_build_tests=ON flag when running cmake.

+

+if (gtest_build_tests)

+ # This must be set in the root directory for the tests to be run by

+ # 'make test' or ctest.

+ enable_testing()

+

+ ############################################################

+ # C++ tests built with standard compiler flags.

+

+ cxx_test(gtest-death-test_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_environment_test gtest)

+ cxx_test(gtest-filepath_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest-linked_ptr_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest-listener_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_main_unittest gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest-message_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_no_test_unittest gtest)

+ cxx_test(gtest-options_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest-param-test_test gtest

+ test/gtest-param-test2_test.cc)

+ cxx_test(gtest-port_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_pred_impl_unittest gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_premature_exit_test gtest

+ test/gtest_premature_exit_test.cc)

+ cxx_test(gtest-printers_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_prod_test gtest_main

+ test/production.cc)

+ cxx_test(gtest_repeat_test gtest)

+ cxx_test(gtest_sole_header_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_stress_test gtest)

+ cxx_test(gtest-test-part_test gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest_throw_on_failure_ex_test gtest)

+ cxx_test(gtest-typed-test_test gtest_main

+ test/gtest-typed-test2_test.cc)

+ cxx_test(gtest_unittest gtest_main)

+ cxx_test(gtest-unittest-api_test gtest)

+

+ ############################################################

+ # C++ tests built with non-standard compiler flags.

+

+ # MSVC 7.1 does not support STL with exceptions disabled.

+ if (NOT MSVC OR MSVC_VERSION GREATER 1310)

+ cxx_library(gtest_no_exception "${cxx_no_exception}"

+ src/gtest-all.cc)

+ cxx_library(gtest_main_no_exception "${cxx_no_exception}"

+ src/gtest-all.cc src/gtest_main.cc)

+ endif()

+ cxx_library(gtest_main_no_rtti "${cxx_no_rtti}"

+ src/gtest-all.cc src/gtest_main.cc)

+

+ cxx_test_with_flags(gtest-death-test_ex_nocatch_test

+ "${cxx_exception} -DGTEST_ENABLE_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS_=0"

+ gtest test/gtest-death-test_ex_test.cc)

+ cxx_test_with_flags(gtest-death-test_ex_catch_test

+ "${cxx_exception} -DGTEST_ENABLE_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS_=1"

+ gtest test/gtest-death-test_ex_test.cc)

+

+ cxx_test_with_flags(gtest_no_rtti_unittest "${cxx_no_rtti}"

+ gtest_main_no_rtti test/gtest_unittest.cc)

+

+ cxx_shared_library(gtest_dll "${cxx_default}"

+ src/gtest-all.cc src/gtest_main.cc)

+

+ cxx_executable_with_flags(gtest_dll_test_ "${cxx_default}"

+ gtest_dll test/gtest_all_test.cc)

+ set_target_properties(gtest_dll_test_

+ PROPERTIES

+ COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")

+

+ if (NOT MSVC OR MSVC_VERSION LESS 1600) # 1600 is Visual Studio 2010.

+ # Visual Studio 2010, 2012, and 2013 define symbols in std::tr1 that

+ # conflict with our own definitions. Therefore using our own tuple does not

+ # work on those compilers.

+ cxx_library(gtest_main_use_own_tuple "${cxx_use_own_tuple}"

+ src/gtest-all.cc src/gtest_main.cc)

+

+ cxx_test_with_flags(gtest-tuple_test "${cxx_use_own_tuple}"

+ gtest_main_use_own_tuple test/gtest-tuple_test.cc)

+

+ cxx_test_with_flags(gtest_use_own_tuple_test "${cxx_use_own_tuple}"

+ gtest_main_use_own_tuple

+ test/gtest-param-test_test.cc test/gtest-param-test2_test.cc)

+ endif()

+

+ ############################################################

+ # Python tests.

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_break_on_failure_unittest_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_break_on_failure_unittest)

+

+ # Visual Studio .NET 2003 does not support STL with exceptions disabled.

+ if (NOT MSVC OR MSVC_VERSION GREATER 1310) # 1310 is Visual Studio .NET 2003

+ cxx_executable_with_flags(

+ gtest_catch_exceptions_no_ex_test_

+ "${cxx_no_exception}"

+ gtest_main_no_exception

+ test/gtest_catch_exceptions_test_.cc)

+ endif()

+

+ cxx_executable_with_flags(

+ gtest_catch_exceptions_ex_test_

+ "${cxx_exception}"

+ gtest_main

+ test/gtest_catch_exceptions_test_.cc)

+ py_test(gtest_catch_exceptions_test)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_color_test_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_color_test)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_env_var_test_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_env_var_test)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_filter_unittest_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_filter_unittest)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_help_test_ test gtest_main)

+ py_test(gtest_help_test)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_list_tests_unittest_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_list_tests_unittest)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_output_test_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_output_test)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_shuffle_test_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_shuffle_test)

+

+ # MSVC 7.1 does not support STL with exceptions disabled.

+ if (NOT MSVC OR MSVC_VERSION GREATER 1310)

+ cxx_executable(gtest_throw_on_failure_test_ test gtest_no_exception)

+ set_target_properties(gtest_throw_on_failure_test_

+ PROPERTIES

+ COMPILE_FLAGS "${cxx_no_exception}")

+ py_test(gtest_throw_on_failure_test)

+ endif()

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_uninitialized_test_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_uninitialized_test)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_xml_outfile1_test_ test gtest_main)

+ cxx_executable(gtest_xml_outfile2_test_ test gtest_main)

+ py_test(gtest_xml_outfiles_test)

+

+ cxx_executable(gtest_xml_output_unittest_ test gtest)

+ py_test(gtest_xml_output_unittest)

+endif()

+# This file contains a list of people who've made non-trivial

+# contribution to the Google C++ Testing Framework project. People

+# who commit code to the project are encouraged to add their names

+# here. Please keep the list sorted by first names.

+

+Ajay Joshi <jaj@google.com>

+Balázs Dán <balazs.dan@gmail.com>

+Bharat Mediratta <bharat@menalto.com>

+Chandler Carruth <chandlerc@google.com>

+Chris Prince <cprince@google.com>

+Chris Taylor <taylorc@google.com>

+Dan Egnor <egnor@google.com>

+Eric Roman <eroman@chromium.org>

+Hady Zalek <hady.zalek@gmail.com>

+Jeffrey Yasskin <jyasskin@google.com>

+Jói Sigurðsson <joi@google.com>

+Keir Mierle <mierle@gmail.com>

+Keith Ray <keith.ray@gmail.com>

+Kenton Varda <kenton@google.com>

+Manuel Klimek <klimek@google.com>

+Markus Heule <markus.heule@gmail.com>

+Mika Raento <mikie@iki.fi>

+Miklós Fazekas <mfazekas@szemafor.com>

+Pasi Valminen <pasi.valminen@gmail.com>

+Patrick Hanna <phanna@google.com>

+Patrick Riley <pfr@google.com>

+Peter Kaminski <piotrk@google.com>

+Preston Jackson <preston.a.jackson@gmail.com>

+Rainer Klaffenboeck <rainer.klaffenboeck@dynatrace.com>

+Russ Cox <rsc@google.com>

+Russ Rufer <russ@pentad.com>

+Sean Mcafee <eefacm@gmail.com>

+Sigurður Ásgeirsson <siggi@google.com>

+Tracy Bialik <tracy@pentad.com>

+Vadim Berman <vadimb@google.com>

+Vlad Losev <vladl@google.com>

+Zhanyong Wan <wan@google.com>

+Copyright 2008, Google Inc.

+All rights reserved.

+

+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are

+met:

+

+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above

+copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer

+in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

+distribution.

+ * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its

+contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from

+this software without specific prior written permission.

+

+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR

+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT

+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT

+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY

+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT

+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE

+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

+# Automake file

+

+ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4

+

+# Nonstandard package files for distribution

+EXTRA_DIST = \

+ CHANGES \

+ CONTRIBUTORS \

+ LICENSE \

+ include/gtest/gtest-param-test.h.pump \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-param-util-generated.h.pump \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-tuple.h.pump \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-type-util.h.pump \

+ make/Makefile \

+ scripts/fuse_gtest_files.py \

+ scripts/gen_gtest_pred_impl.py \

+ scripts/pump.py \

+ scripts/test/Makefile

+

+# gtest source files that we don't compile directly. They are

+# #included by gtest-all.cc.

+GTEST_SRC = \

+ src/gtest-death-test.cc \

+ src/gtest-filepath.cc \

+ src/gtest-internal-inl.h \

+ src/gtest-port.cc \

+ src/gtest-printers.cc \

+ src/gtest-test-part.cc \

+ src/gtest-typed-test.cc \

+ src/gtest.cc

+

+EXTRA_DIST += $(GTEST_SRC)

+

+# Sample files that we don't compile.

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ samples/prime_tables.h \

+ samples/sample2_unittest.cc \

+ samples/sample3_unittest.cc \

+ samples/sample4_unittest.cc \

+ samples/sample5_unittest.cc \

+ samples/sample6_unittest.cc \

+ samples/sample7_unittest.cc \

+ samples/sample8_unittest.cc \

+ samples/sample9_unittest.cc

+

+# C++ test files that we don't compile directly.

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ test/gtest-death-test_ex_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-death-test_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-filepath_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-linked_ptr_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-listener_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-message_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-options_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-param-test2_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-param-test2_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-param-test_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-param-test_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-param-test_test.h \

+ test/gtest-port_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_premature_exit_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-printers_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-test-part_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-tuple_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-typed-test2_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-typed-test_test.cc \

+ test/gtest-typed-test_test.h \

+ test/gtest-unittest-api_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_break_on_failure_unittest_.cc \

+ test/gtest_catch_exceptions_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_color_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_env_var_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_environment_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_filter_unittest_.cc \

+ test/gtest_help_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_list_tests_unittest_.cc \

+ test/gtest_main_unittest.cc \

+ test/gtest_no_test_unittest.cc \

+ test/gtest_output_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_pred_impl_unittest.cc \

+ test/gtest_prod_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_repeat_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_shuffle_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_sole_header_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_stress_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_throw_on_failure_ex_test.cc \

+ test/gtest_throw_on_failure_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_uninitialized_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_unittest.cc \

+ test/gtest_unittest.cc \

+ test/gtest_xml_outfile1_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_xml_outfile2_test_.cc \

+ test/gtest_xml_output_unittest_.cc \

+ test/production.cc \

+ test/production.h

+

+# Python tests that we don't run.

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ test/gtest_break_on_failure_unittest.py \

+ test/gtest_catch_exceptions_test.py \

+ test/gtest_color_test.py \

+ test/gtest_env_var_test.py \

+ test/gtest_filter_unittest.py \

+ test/gtest_help_test.py \

+ test/gtest_list_tests_unittest.py \

+ test/gtest_output_test.py \

+ test/gtest_output_test_golden_lin.txt \

+ test/gtest_shuffle_test.py \

+ test/gtest_test_utils.py \

+ test/gtest_throw_on_failure_test.py \

+ test/gtest_uninitialized_test.py \

+ test/gtest_xml_outfiles_test.py \

+ test/gtest_xml_output_unittest.py \

+ test/gtest_xml_test_utils.py

+

+# CMake script

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ CMakeLists.txt \

+ cmake/internal_utils.cmake

+

+# MSVC project files

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ msvc/gtest-md.sln \

+ msvc/gtest-md.vcproj \

+ msvc/gtest.sln \

+ msvc/gtest.vcproj \

+ msvc/gtest_main-md.vcproj \

+ msvc/gtest_main.vcproj \

+ msvc/gtest_prod_test-md.vcproj \

+ msvc/gtest_prod_test.vcproj \

+ msvc/gtest_unittest-md.vcproj \

+ msvc/gtest_unittest.vcproj

+

+# xcode project files

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ xcode/Config/DebugProject.xcconfig \

+ xcode/Config/FrameworkTarget.xcconfig \

+ xcode/Config/General.xcconfig \

+ xcode/Config/ReleaseProject.xcconfig \

+ xcode/Config/StaticLibraryTarget.xcconfig \

+ xcode/Config/TestTarget.xcconfig \

+ xcode/Resources/Info.plist \

+ xcode/Scripts/runtests.sh \

+ xcode/Scripts/versiongenerate.py \

+ xcode/gtest.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj

+

+# xcode sample files

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ xcode/Samples/FrameworkSample/Info.plist \

+ xcode/Samples/FrameworkSample/WidgetFramework.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj \

+ xcode/Samples/FrameworkSample/runtests.sh \

+ xcode/Samples/FrameworkSample/widget.cc \

+ xcode/Samples/FrameworkSample/widget.h \

+ xcode/Samples/FrameworkSample/widget_test.cc

+

+# C++Builder project files

+EXTRA_DIST += \

+ codegear/gtest.cbproj \

+ codegear/gtest.groupproj \

+ codegear/gtest_all.cc \

+ codegear/gtest_link.cc \

+ codegear/gtest_main.cbproj \

+ codegear/gtest_unittest.cbproj

+

+# Distribute and install M4 macro

+m4datadir = $(datadir)/aclocal

+m4data_DATA = m4/gtest.m4

+EXTRA_DIST += $(m4data_DATA)

+

+# We define the global AM_CPPFLAGS as everything we compile includes from these

+# directories.

+AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir) -I$(srcdir)/include

+

+# Modifies compiler and linker flags for pthreads compatibility.

+if HAVE_PTHREADS

+ AM_CXXFLAGS = @PTHREAD_CFLAGS@ -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1

+ AM_LIBS = @PTHREAD_LIBS@

+else

+ AM_CXXFLAGS = -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=0

+endif

+

+# Build rules for libraries.

+lib_LTLIBRARIES = lib/libgtest.la lib/libgtest_main.la

+

+lib_libgtest_la_SOURCES = src/gtest-all.cc

+

+pkginclude_HEADERS = \

+ include/gtest/gtest-death-test.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest-message.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest-param-test.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest-printers.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest-spi.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest-test-part.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest-typed-test.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest_pred_impl.h \

+ include/gtest/gtest_prod.h

+

+pkginclude_internaldir = $(pkgincludedir)/internal

+pkginclude_internal_HEADERS = \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-death-test-internal.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-filepath.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-linked_ptr.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-param-util-generated.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-param-util.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-port-arch.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-string.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-tuple.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/gtest-type-util.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/custom/gtest.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/custom/gtest-port.h \

+ include/gtest/internal/custom/gtest-printers.h

+

+lib_libgtest_main_la_SOURCES = src/gtest_main.cc

+lib_libgtest_main_la_LIBADD = lib/libgtest.la

+

+# Bulid rules for samples and tests. Automake's naming for some of

+# these variables isn't terribly obvious, so this is a brief

+# reference:

+#

+# TESTS -- Programs run automatically by "make check"

+# check_PROGRAMS -- Programs built by "make check" but not necessarily run

+

+noinst_LTLIBRARIES = samples/libsamples.la

+

+samples_libsamples_la_SOURCES = \

+ samples/sample1.cc \

+ samples/sample1.h \

+ samples/sample2.cc \

+ samples/sample2.h \

+ samples/sample3-inl.h \

+ samples/sample4.cc \

+ samples/sample4.h

+

+TESTS=

+TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = GTEST_SOURCE_DIR="$(srcdir)/test" \

+ GTEST_BUILD_DIR="$(top_builddir)/test"

+check_PROGRAMS=

+

+# A simple sample on using gtest.

+TESTS += samples/sample1_unittest

+check_PROGRAMS += samples/sample1_unittest

+samples_sample1_unittest_SOURCES = samples/sample1_unittest.cc

+samples_sample1_unittest_LDADD = lib/libgtest_main.la \

+ lib/libgtest.la \

+ samples/libsamples.la

+

+# Another sample. It also verifies that libgtest works.

+TESTS += samples/sample10_unittest

+check_PROGRAMS += samples/sample10_unittest

+samples_sample10_unittest_SOURCES = samples/sample10_unittest.cc

+samples_sample10_unittest_LDADD = lib/libgtest.la

+

+# This tests most constructs of gtest and verifies that libgtest_main

+# and libgtest work.

+TESTS += test/gtest_all_test

+check_PROGRAMS += test/gtest_all_test

+test_gtest_all_test_SOURCES = test/gtest_all_test.cc

+test_gtest_all_test_LDADD = lib/libgtest_main.la \

+ lib/libgtest.la

+

+# Tests that fused gtest files compile and work.

+FUSED_GTEST_SRC = \

+ fused-src/gtest/gtest-all.cc \

+ fused-src/gtest/gtest.h \

+ fused-src/gtest/gtest_main.cc

+

+if HAVE_PYTHON

+TESTS += test/fused_gtest_test

+check_PROGRAMS += test/fused_gtest_test

+test_fused_gtest_test_SOURCES = $(FUSED_GTEST_SRC) \

+ samples/sample1.cc samples/sample1_unittest.cc

+test_fused_gtest_test_CPPFLAGS = -I"$(srcdir)/fused-src"

+

+# Build rules for putting fused Google Test files into the distribution

+# package. The user can also create those files by manually running

+# scripts/fuse_gtest_files.py.

+$(test_fused_gtest_test_SOURCES): fused-gtest

+

+fused-gtest: $(pkginclude_HEADERS) $(pkginclude_internal_HEADERS) \

+ $(GTEST_SRC) src/gtest-all.cc src/gtest_main.cc \

+ scripts/fuse_gtest_files.py

+ mkdir -p "$(srcdir)/fused-src"

+ chmod -R u+w "$(srcdir)/fused-src"

+ rm -f "$(srcdir)/fused-src/gtest/gtest-all.cc"

+ rm -f "$(srcdir)/fused-src/gtest/gtest.h"

+ "$(srcdir)/scripts/fuse_gtest_files.py" "$(srcdir)/fused-src"

+ cp -f "$(srcdir)/src/gtest_main.cc" "$(srcdir)/fused-src/gtest/"

+

+maintainer-clean-local:

+ rm -rf "$(srcdir)/fused-src"

+endif

+

+# Death tests may produce core dumps in the build directory. In case

+# this happens, clean them to keep distcleancheck happy.

+CLEANFILES = core

+

+# Disables 'make install' as installing a compiled version of Google

+# Test can lead to undefined behavior due to violation of the

+# One-Definition Rule.

+

+install-exec-local:

+ echo "'make install' is dangerous and not supported. Instead, see README for how to integrate Google Test into your build system."

+ false

+

+install-data-local:

+ echo "'make install' is dangerous and not supported. Instead, see README for how to integrate Google Test into your build system."

+ false

+

+### Generic Build Instructions ###

+

+#### Setup ####

+

+To build Google Test and your tests that use it, you need to tell your

+build system where to find its headers and source files. The exact

+way to do it depends on which build system you use, and is usually

+straightforward.

+

+#### Build ####

+

+Suppose you put Google Test in directory `${GTEST_DIR}`. To build it,

+create a library build target (or a project as called by Visual Studio

+and Xcode) to compile

+

+ ${GTEST_DIR}/src/gtest-all.cc

+

+with `${GTEST_DIR}/include` in the system header search path and `${GTEST_DIR}`

+in the normal header search path. Assuming a Linux-like system and gcc,

+something like the following will do:

+

+ g++ -isystem ${GTEST_DIR}/include -I${GTEST_DIR} \

+ -pthread -c ${GTEST_DIR}/src/gtest-all.cc

+ ar -rv libgtest.a gtest-all.o

+

+(We need `-pthread` as Google Test uses threads.)

+

+Next, you should compile your test source file with

+`${GTEST_DIR}/include` in the system header search path, and link it

+with gtest and any other necessary libraries:

+

+ g++ -isystem ${GTEST_DIR}/include -pthread path/to/your_test.cc libgtest.a \

+ -o your_test

+

+As an example, the make/ directory contains a Makefile that you can

+use to build Google Test on systems where GNU make is available

+(e.g. Linux, Mac OS X, and Cygwin). It doesn't try to build Google

+Test's own tests. Instead, it just builds the Google Test library and

+a sample test. You can use it as a starting point for your own build

+script.

+

+If the default settings are correct for your environment, the

+following commands should succeed:

+

+ cd ${GTEST_DIR}/make

+ make

+ ./sample1_unittest

+

+If you see errors, try to tweak the contents of `make/Makefile` to make

+them go away. There are instructions in `make/Makefile` on how to do

+it.

+

+### Using CMake ###

+

+Google Test comes with a CMake build script (

+[CMakeLists.txt](CMakeLists.txt)) that can be used on a wide range of platforms ("C" stands for

+cross-platform.). If you don't have CMake installed already, you can

+download it for free from <http://www.cmake.org/>.

+

+CMake works by generating native makefiles or build projects that can

+be used in the compiler environment of your choice. The typical

+workflow starts with:

+

+ mkdir mybuild # Create a directory to hold the build output.

+ cd mybuild

+ cmake ${GTEST_DIR} # Generate native build scripts.

+

+If you want to build Google Test's samples, you should replace the

+last command with

+

+ cmake -Dgtest_build_samples=ON ${GTEST_DIR}

+

+If you are on a \*nix system, you should now see a Makefile in the

+current directory. Just type 'make' to build gtest.

+

+If you use Windows and have Visual Studio installed, a `gtest.sln` file

+and several `.vcproj` files will be created. You can then build them

+using Visual Studio.

+

+On Mac OS X with Xcode installed, a `.xcodeproj` file will be generated.

+

+### Legacy Build Scripts ###

+

+Before settling on CMake, we have been providing hand-maintained build

+projects/scripts for Visual Studio, Xcode, and Autotools. While we

+continue to provide them for convenience, they are not actively

+maintained any more. We highly recommend that you follow the

+instructions in the previous two sections to integrate Google Test

+with your existing build system.

+

+If you still need to use the legacy build scripts, here's how:

+

+The msvc\ folder contains two solutions with Visual C++ projects.

+Open the `gtest.sln` or `gtest-md.sln` file using Visual Studio, and you

+are ready to build Google Test the same way you build any Visual

+Studio project. Files that have names ending with -md use DLL

+versions of Microsoft runtime libraries (the /MD or the /MDd compiler

+option). Files without that suffix use static versions of the runtime

+libraries (the /MT or the /MTd option). Please note that one must use

+the same option to compile both gtest and the test code. If you use

+Visual Studio 2005 or above, we recommend the -md version as /MD is

+the default for new projects in these versions of Visual Studio.

+

+On Mac OS X, open the `gtest.xcodeproj` in the `xcode/` folder using

+Xcode. Build the "gtest" target. The universal binary framework will

+end up in your selected build directory (selected in the Xcode

+"Preferences..." -> "Building" pane and defaults to xcode/build).

+Alternatively, at the command line, enter:

+

+ xcodebuild

+

+This will build the "Release" configuration of gtest.framework in your

+default build location. See the "xcodebuild" man page for more

+information about building different configurations and building in

+different locations.

+

+If you wish to use the Google Test Xcode project with Xcode 4.x and

+above, you need to either:

+

+ * update the SDK configuration options in xcode/Config/General.xconfig.

+ Comment options `SDKROOT`, `MACOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET`, and `GCC_VERSION`. If

+ you choose this route you lose the ability to target earlier versions

+ of MacOS X.

+ * Install an SDK for an earlier version. This doesn't appear to be

+ supported by Apple, but has been reported to work

+ (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5378518).

+

+### Tweaking Google Test ###

+

+Google Test can be used in diverse environments. The default

+configuration may not work (or may not work well) out of the box in

+some environments. However, you can easily tweak Google Test by

+defining control macros on the compiler command line. Generally,

+these macros are named like `GTEST_XYZ` and you define them to either 1

+or 0 to enable or disable a certain feature.

+

+We list the most frequently used macros below. For a complete list,

+see file [include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h](include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h).

+

+### Choosing a TR1 Tuple Library ###

+

+Some Google Test features require the C++ Technical Report 1 (TR1)

+tuple library, which is not yet available with all compilers. The

+good news is that Google Test implements a subset of TR1 tuple that's

+enough for its own need, and will automatically use this when the

+compiler doesn't provide TR1 tuple.

+

+Usually you don't need to care about which tuple library Google Test

+uses. However, if your project already uses TR1 tuple, you need to

+tell Google Test to use the same TR1 tuple library the rest of your

+project uses, or the two tuple implementations will clash. To do

+that, add

+

+ -DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=0

+

+to the compiler flags while compiling Google Test and your tests. If

+you want to force Google Test to use its own tuple library, just add

+

+ -DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=1

+

+to the compiler flags instead.

+

+If you don't want Google Test to use tuple at all, add

+

+ -DGTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE=0

+

+and all features using tuple will be disabled.

+

+### Multi-threaded Tests ###

+

+Google Test is thread-safe where the pthread library is available.

+After `#include "gtest/gtest.h"`, you can check the `GTEST_IS_THREADSAFE`

+macro to see whether this is the case (yes if the macro is `#defined` to

+1, no if it's undefined.).

+

+If Google Test doesn't correctly detect whether pthread is available

+in your environment, you can force it with

+

+ -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1

+

+or

+

+ -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=0

+

+When Google Test uses pthread, you may need to add flags to your

+compiler and/or linker to select the pthread library, or you'll get

+link errors. If you use the CMake script or the deprecated Autotools

+script, this is taken care of for you. If you use your own build

+script, you'll need to read your compiler and linker's manual to

+figure out what flags to add.

+

+### As a Shared Library (DLL) ###

+

+Google Test is compact, so most users can build and link it as a

+static library for the simplicity. You can choose to use Google Test

+as a shared library (known as a DLL on Windows) if you prefer.

+

+To compile *gtest* as a shared library, add

+

+ -DGTEST_CREATE_SHARED_LIBRARY=1

+

+to the compiler flags. You'll also need to tell the linker to produce

+a shared library instead - consult your linker's manual for how to do

+it.

+

+To compile your *tests* that use the gtest shared library, add

+

+ -DGTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1

+

+to the compiler flags.

+

+Note: while the above steps aren't technically necessary today when

+using some compilers (e.g. GCC), they may become necessary in the

+future, if we decide to improve the speed of loading the library (see

+<http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility> for details). Therefore you are

+recommended to always add the above flags when using Google Test as a

+shared library. Otherwise a future release of Google Test may break

+your build script.

+

+### Avoiding Macro Name Clashes ###

+

+In C++, macros don't obey namespaces. Therefore two libraries that

+both define a macro of the same name will clash if you `#include` both

+definitions. In case a Google Test macro clashes with another

+library, you can force Google Test to rename its macro to avoid the

+conflict.

+

+Specifically, if both Google Test and some other code define macro

+FOO, you can add

+

+ -DGTEST_DONT_DEFINE_FOO=1

+

+to the compiler flags to tell Google Test to change the macro's name

+from `FOO` to `GTEST_FOO`. Currently `FOO` can be `FAIL`, `SUCCEED`,

+or `TEST`. For example, with `-DGTEST_DONT_DEFINE_TEST=1`, you'll

+need to write

+

+ GTEST_TEST(SomeTest, DoesThis) { ... }

+

+instead of

+

+ TEST(SomeTest, DoesThis) { ... }

+

+in order to define a test.

+

+## Developing Google Test ##

+

+This section discusses how to make your own changes to Google Test.

+

+### Testing Google Test Itself ###

+

+To make sure your changes work as intended and don't break existing

+functionality, you'll want to compile and run Google Test's own tests.

+For that you can use CMake:

+

+ mkdir mybuild

+ cd mybuild

+ cmake -Dgtest_build_tests=ON ${GTEST_DIR}

+

+Make sure you have Python installed, as some of Google Test's tests

+are written in Python. If the cmake command complains about not being

+able to find Python (`Could NOT find PythonInterp (missing:

+PYTHON_EXECUTABLE)`), try telling it explicitly where your Python

+executable can be found:

+

+ cmake -DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=path/to/python -Dgtest_build_tests=ON ${GTEST_DIR}

+

+Next, you can build Google Test and all of its own tests. On \*nix,

+this is usually done by 'make'. To run the tests, do

+

+ make test

+

+All tests should pass.

+

+Normally you don't need to worry about regenerating the source files,

+unless you need to modify them. In that case, you should modify the

+corresponding .pump files instead and run the pump.py Python script to

+regenerate them. You can find pump.py in the [scripts/](scripts/) directory.

+Read the [Pump manual](docs/PumpManual.md) for how to use it.

+# Defines functions and macros useful for building Google Test and

+# Google Mock.

+#

+# Note:

+#

+# - This file will be run twice when building Google Mock (once via

+# Google Test's CMakeLists.txt, and once via Google Mock's).

+# Therefore it shouldn't have any side effects other than defining

+# the functions and macros.

+#

+# - The functions/macros defined in this file may depend on Google

+# Test and Google Mock's option() definitions, and thus must be

+# called *after* the options have been defined.

+

+# Tweaks CMake's default compiler/linker settings to suit Google Test's needs.

+#

+# This must be a macro(), as inside a function string() can only

+# update variables in the function scope.

+macro(fix_default_compiler_settings_)

+ if (MSVC)

+ # For MSVC, CMake sets certain flags to defaults we want to override.

+ # This replacement code is taken from sample in the CMake Wiki at

+ # http://www.cmake.org/Wiki/CMake_FAQ#Dynamic_Replace.

+ foreach (flag_var

+ CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE

+ CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO)

+ if (NOT BUILD_SHARED_LIBS AND NOT gtest_force_shared_crt)

+ # When Google Test is built as a shared library, it should also use

+ # shared runtime libraries. Otherwise, it may end up with multiple

+ # copies of runtime library data in different modules, resulting in

+ # hard-to-find crashes. When it is built as a static library, it is

+ # preferable to use CRT as static libraries, as we don't have to rely

+ # on CRT DLLs being available. CMake always defaults to using shared

+ # CRT libraries, so we override that default here.

+ string(REPLACE "/MD" "-MT" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")

+ endif()

+

+ # We prefer more strict warning checking for building Google Test.

+ # Replaces /W3 with /W4 in defaults.

+ string(REPLACE "/W3" "/W4" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")

+ endforeach()

+ endif()

+endmacro()

+

+# Defines the compiler/linker flags used to build Google Test and

+# Google Mock. You can tweak these definitions to suit your need. A

+# variable's value is empty before it's explicitly assigned to.

+macro(config_compiler_and_linker)

+ if (NOT gtest_disable_pthreads)

+ # Defines CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT and CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT.

+ find_package(Threads)

+ endif()

+

+ fix_default_compiler_settings_()

+ if (MSVC)

+ # Newlines inside flags variables break CMake's NMake generator.

+ # TODO(vladl@google.com): Add -RTCs and -RTCu to debug builds.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "-GS -W4 -WX -wd4251 -wd4275 -nologo -J -Zi")

+ if (MSVC_VERSION LESS 1400) # 1400 is Visual Studio 2005

+ # Suppress spurious warnings MSVC 7.1 sometimes issues.

+ # Forcing value to bool.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -wd4800")

+ # Copy constructor and assignment operator could not be generated.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -wd4511 -wd4512")

+ # Compatibility warnings not applicable to Google Test.

+ # Resolved overload was found by argument-dependent lookup.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -wd4675")

+ endif()

+ if (MSVC_VERSION LESS 1500) # 1500 is Visual Studio 2008

+ # Conditional expression is constant.

+ # When compiling with /W4, we get several instances of C4127

+ # (Conditional expression is constant). In our code, we disable that

+ # warning on a case-by-case basis. However, on Visual Studio 2005,

+ # the warning fires on std::list. Therefore on that compiler and earlier,

+ # we disable the warning project-wide.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -wd4127")

+ endif()

+ if (NOT (MSVC_VERSION LESS 1700)) # 1700 is Visual Studio 2012.

+ # Suppress "unreachable code" warning on VS 2012 and later.

+ # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3232669 explains the issue.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -wd4702")

+ endif()

+ if (NOT (MSVC_VERSION GREATER 1900)) # 1900 is Visual Studio 2015

+ # BigObj required for tests.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -bigobj")

+ endif()

+

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -D_UNICODE -DUNICODE -DWIN32 -D_WIN32")

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -DSTRICT -DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN")

+ set(cxx_exception_flags "-EHsc -D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=1")

+ set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-D_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")

+ set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-GR-")

+ elseif (CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)

+ set(cxx_base_flags "-Wall -Wshadow")

+ set(cxx_exception_flags "-fexceptions")

+ set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-fno-exceptions")

+ # Until version 4.3.2, GCC doesn't define a macro to indicate

+ # whether RTTI is enabled. Therefore we define GTEST_HAS_RTTI

+ # explicitly.

+ set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-fno-rtti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")

+ set(cxx_strict_flags

+ "-Wextra -Wno-unused-parameter -Wno-missing-field-initializers")

+ elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "SunPro")

+ set(cxx_exception_flags "-features=except")

+ # Sun Pro doesn't provide macros to indicate whether exceptions and

+ # RTTI are enabled, so we define GTEST_HAS_* explicitly.

+ set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-features=no%except -DGTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")

+ set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-features=no%rtti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")

+ elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "VisualAge" OR

+ CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "XL")

+ # CMake 2.8 changes Visual Age's compiler ID to "XL".

+ set(cxx_exception_flags "-qeh")

+ set(cxx_no_exception_flags "-qnoeh")

+ # Until version 9.0, Visual Age doesn't define a macro to indicate

+ # whether RTTI is enabled. Therefore we define GTEST_HAS_RTTI

+ # explicitly.

+ set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "-qnortti -DGTEST_HAS_RTTI=0")

+ elseif (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "HP")

+ set(cxx_base_flags "-AA -mt")

+ set(cxx_exception_flags "-DGTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=1")

+ set(cxx_no_exception_flags "+noeh -DGTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS=0")

+ # RTTI can not be disabled in HP aCC compiler.

+ set(cxx_no_rtti_flags "")

+ endif()

+

+ if (CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT) # The pthreads library is available and allowed.

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1")

+ else()

+ set(cxx_base_flags "${cxx_base_flags} -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=0")

+ endif()

+

+ # For building gtest's own tests and samples.

+ set(cxx_exception "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${cxx_base_flags} ${cxx_exception_flags}")

+ set(cxx_no_exception

+ "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${cxx_base_flags} ${cxx_no_exception_flags}")

+ set(cxx_default "${cxx_exception}")

+ set(cxx_no_rtti "${cxx_default} ${cxx_no_rtti_flags}")

+ set(cxx_use_own_tuple "${cxx_default} -DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=1")

+

+ # For building the gtest libraries.

+ set(cxx_strict "${cxx_default} ${cxx_strict_flags}")

+endmacro()

+

+# Defines the gtest & gtest_main libraries. User tests should link

+# with one of them.

+function(cxx_library_with_type name type cxx_flags)

+ # type can be either STATIC or SHARED to denote a static or shared library.

+ # ARGN refers to additional arguments after 'cxx_flags'.

+ add_library(${name} ${type} ${ARGN})

+ set_target_properties(${name}

+ PROPERTIES

+ COMPILE_FLAGS "${cxx_flags}")

+ if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS OR type STREQUAL "SHARED")

+ set_target_properties(${name}

+ PROPERTIES

+ COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_CREATE_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")

+ endif()

+ if (CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT)

+ target_link_libraries(${name} ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})

+ endif()

+endfunction()

+

+########################################################################

+#

+# Helper functions for creating build targets.

+

+function(cxx_shared_library name cxx_flags)

+ cxx_library_with_type(${name} SHARED "${cxx_flags}" ${ARGN})

+endfunction()

+

+function(cxx_library name cxx_flags)

+ cxx_library_with_type(${name} "" "${cxx_flags}" ${ARGN})

+endfunction()

+

+# cxx_executable_with_flags(name cxx_flags libs srcs...)

+#

+# creates a named C++ executable that depends on the given libraries and

+# is built from the given source files with the given compiler flags.

+function(cxx_executable_with_flags name cxx_flags libs)

+ add_executable(${name} ${ARGN})

+ if (cxx_flags)

+ set_target_properties(${name}

+ PROPERTIES

+ COMPILE_FLAGS "${cxx_flags}")

+ endif()

+ if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)

+ set_target_properties(${name}

+ PROPERTIES

+ COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")

+ endif()

+ # To support mixing linking in static and dynamic libraries, link each

+ # library in with an extra call to target_link_libraries.

+ foreach (lib "${libs}")

+ target_link_libraries(${name} ${lib})

+ endforeach()

+endfunction()

+

+# cxx_executable(name dir lib srcs...)

+#

+# creates a named target that depends on the given libs and is built

+# from the given source files. dir/name.cc is implicitly included in

+# the source file list.

+function(cxx_executable name dir libs)

+ cxx_executable_with_flags(

+ ${name} "${cxx_default}" "${libs}" "${dir}/${name}.cc" ${ARGN})

+endfunction()

+

+# Sets PYTHONINTERP_FOUND and PYTHON_EXECUTABLE.

+find_package(PythonInterp)

+

+# cxx_test_with_flags(name cxx_flags libs srcs...)

+#

+# creates a named C++ test that depends on the given libs and is built

+# from the given source files with the given compiler flags.

+function(cxx_test_with_flags name cxx_flags libs)

+ cxx_executable_with_flags(${name} "${cxx_flags}" "${libs}" ${ARGN})

+ add_test(${name} ${name})

+endfunction()

+

+# cxx_test(name libs srcs...)

+#

+# creates a named test target that depends on the given libs and is

+# built from the given source files. Unlike cxx_test_with_flags,

+# test/name.cc is already implicitly included in the source file list.

+function(cxx_test name libs)

+ cxx_test_with_flags("${name}" "${cxx_default}" "${libs}"

+ "test/${name}.cc" ${ARGN})

+endfunction()

+

+# py_test(name)

+#

+# creates a Python test with the given name whose main module is in

+# test/name.py. It does nothing if Python is not installed.

+function(py_test name)

+ # We are not supporting Python tests on Linux yet as they consider

+ # all Linux environments to be google3 and try to use google3 features.

+ if (PYTHONINTERP_FOUND)

+ # ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR} is known at configuration time, so we can

+ # directly bind it from cmake. ${CTEST_CONFIGURATION_TYPE} is known

+ # only at ctest runtime (by calling ctest -c <Configuration>), so

+ # we have to escape $ to delay variable substitution here.

+ if (${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION} GREATER 3.1)

+ add_test(

+ NAME ${name}

+ COMMAND ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/${name}.py

+ --build_dir=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/$<CONFIGURATION>)

+ else (${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION} GREATER 3.1)

+ add_test(

+ ${name}

+ ${PYTHON_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/${name}.py

+ --build_dir=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/\${CTEST_CONFIGURATION_TYPE})

+ endif (${CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION}.${CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION} GREATER 3.1)

+ endif()

+endfunction()

+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

+<Project xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">

+ <PropertyGroup>

+ <ProjectGuid>{bca37a72-5b07-46cf-b44e-89f8e06451a2}</ProjectGuid>

+ <Config Condition="'$(Config)'==''">Release</Config>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Base' or '$(Base)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Debug' or '$(Cfg_1)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ <Cfg_1>true</Cfg_1>

+ <CfgParent>Base</CfgParent>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Release' or '$(Cfg_2)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ <Cfg_2>true</Cfg_2>

+ <CfgParent>Base</CfgParent>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Base)'!=''">

+ <BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>true</BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>

+ <OutputExt>lib</OutputExt>

+ <DCC_CBuilderOutput>JPHNE</DCC_CBuilderOutput>

+ <Defines>NO_STRICT</Defines>

+ <DynamicRTL>true</DynamicRTL>

+ <UsePackages>true</UsePackages>

+ <ProjectType>CppStaticLibrary</ProjectType>

+ <BCC_CPPCompileAlways>true</BCC_CPPCompileAlways>

+ <PackageImports>rtl.bpi;vcl.bpi;bcbie.bpi;vclx.bpi;vclactnband.bpi;xmlrtl.bpi;bcbsmp.bpi;dbrtl.bpi;vcldb.bpi;bdertl.bpi;vcldbx.bpi;dsnap.bpi;dsnapcon.bpi;vclib.bpi;ibxpress.bpi;adortl.bpi;dbxcds.bpi;dbexpress.bpi;DbxCommonDriver.bpi;websnap.bpi;vclie.bpi;webdsnap.bpi;inet.bpi;inetdbbde.bpi;inetdbxpress.bpi;soaprtl.bpi;Rave75VCL.bpi;teeUI.bpi;tee.bpi;teedb.bpi;IndyCore.bpi;IndySystem.bpi;IndyProtocols.bpi;IntrawebDB_90_100.bpi;Intraweb_90_100.bpi;dclZipForged11.bpi;vclZipForged11.bpi;GR32_BDS2006.bpi;GR32_DSGN_BDS2006.bpi;Jcl.bpi;JclVcl.bpi;JvCoreD11R.bpi;JvSystemD11R.bpi;JvStdCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvAppFrmD11R.bpi;JvBandsD11R.bpi;JvDBD11R.bpi;JvDlgsD11R.bpi;JvBDED11R.bpi;JvCmpD11R.bpi;JvCryptD11R.bpi;JvCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvCustomD11R.bpi;JvDockingD11R.bpi;JvDotNetCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvEDID11R.bpi;JvGlobusD11R.bpi;JvHMID11R.bpi;JvInterpreterD11R.bpi;JvJansD11R.bpi;JvManagedThreadsD11R.bpi;JvMMD11R.bpi;JvNetD11R.bpi;JvPageCompsD11R.bpi;JvPluginD11R.bpi;JvPrintPreviewD11R.bpi;JvRuntimeDesignD11R.bpi;JvTimeFrameworkD11R.bpi;JvValidatorsD11R.bpi;JvWizardD11R.bpi;JvXPCtrlsD11R.bpi;VclSmp.bpi;CExceptionExpert11.bpi</PackageImports>

+ <BCC_wpar>false</BCC_wpar>

+ <IncludePath>$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\src;..\include;..</IncludePath>

+ <AllPackageLibs>rtl.lib;vcl.lib</AllPackageLibs>

+ <TLIB_PageSize>32</TLIB_PageSize>

+ <ILINK_LibraryPath>$(BDS)\lib;$(BDS)\lib\obj;$(BDS)\lib\psdk</ILINK_LibraryPath>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Cfg_1)'!=''">

+ <BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>false</BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>

+ <DCC_Optimize>false</DCC_Optimize>

+ <DCC_DebugInfoInExe>true</DCC_DebugInfoInExe>

+ <Defines>_DEBUG;$(Defines)</Defines>

+ <ILINK_FullDebugInfo>true</ILINK_FullDebugInfo>

+ <BCC_InlineFunctionExpansion>false</BCC_InlineFunctionExpansion>

+ <ILINK_DisableIncrementalLinking>true</ILINK_DisableIncrementalLinking>

+ <BCC_UseRegisterVariables>None</BCC_UseRegisterVariables>

+ <DCC_Define>DEBUG</DCC_Define>

+ <BCC_DebugLineNumbers>true</BCC_DebugLineNumbers>

+ <IntermediateOutputDir>Debug</IntermediateOutputDir>

+ <TASM_DisplaySourceLines>true</TASM_DisplaySourceLines>

+ <BCC_StackFrames>true</BCC_StackFrames>

+ <BCC_DisableOptimizations>true</BCC_DisableOptimizations>

+ <ILINK_LibraryPath>$(BDS)\lib\debug;$(ILINK_LibraryPath)</ILINK_LibraryPath>

+ <TASM_Debugging>Full</TASM_Debugging>

+ <BCC_SourceDebuggingOn>true</BCC_SourceDebuggingOn>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Cfg_2)'!=''">

+ <Defines>NDEBUG;$(Defines)</Defines>

+ <IntermediateOutputDir>Release</IntermediateOutputDir>

+ <ILINK_LibraryPath>$(BDS)\lib\release;$(ILINK_LibraryPath)</ILINK_LibraryPath>

+ <TASM_Debugging>None</TASM_Debugging>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <ProjectExtensions>

+ <Borland.Personality>CPlusPlusBuilder.Personality</Borland.Personality>

+ <Borland.ProjectType>CppStaticLibrary</Borland.ProjectType>

+ <BorlandProject>

+<BorlandProject><CPlusPlusBuilder.Personality><VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="IncludeVerInfo">False</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="AutoIncBuild">False</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="MajorVer">1</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="MinorVer">0</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="Release">0</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="Build">0</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="Debug">False</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="PreRelease">False</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="Special">False</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="Private">False</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="DLL">False</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="Locale">1033</VersionInfo><VersionInfo Name="CodePage">1252</VersionInfo></VersionInfo><VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="CompanyName"></VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="FileDescription"></VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="FileVersion">1.0.0.0</VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="InternalName"></VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="LegalCopyright"></VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="LegalTrademarks"></VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="OriginalFilename"></VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="ProductName"></VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="ProductVersion">1.0.0.0</VersionInfoKeys><VersionInfoKeys Name="Comments"></VersionInfoKeys></VersionInfoKeys><Debugging><Debugging Name="DebugSourceDirs"></Debugging></Debugging><Parameters><Parameters Name="RunParams"></Parameters><Parameters Name="Launcher"></Parameters><Parameters Name="UseLauncher">False</Parameters><Parameters Name="DebugCWD"></Parameters><Parameters Name="HostApplication"></Parameters><Parameters Name="RemoteHost"></Parameters><Parameters Name="RemotePath"></Parameters><Parameters Name="RemoteParams"></Parameters><Parameters Name="RemoteLauncher"></Parameters><Parameters Name="UseRemoteLauncher">False</Parameters><Parameters Name="RemoteCWD"></Parameters><Parameters Name="RemoteDebug">False</Parameters><Parameters Name="Debug Symbols Search Path"></Parameters><Parameters Name="LoadAllSymbols">True</Parameters><Parameters Name="LoadUnspecifiedSymbols">False</Parameters></Parameters><Excluded_Packages>

+

+

+ <Excluded_Packages Name="$(BDS)\bin\bcboffice2k100.bpl">CodeGear C++Builder Office 2000 Servers Package</Excluded_Packages>

+ <Excluded_Packages Name="$(BDS)\bin\bcbofficexp100.bpl">CodeGear C++Builder Office XP Servers Package</Excluded_Packages>

+ </Excluded_Packages><Linker><Linker Name="LibPrefix"></Linker><Linker Name="LibSuffix"></Linker><Linker Name="LibVersion"></Linker></Linker><ProjectProperties><ProjectProperties Name="AutoShowDeps">False</ProjectProperties><ProjectProperties Name="ManagePaths">True</ProjectProperties><ProjectProperties Name="VerifyPackages">True</ProjectProperties></ProjectProperties><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Count">3</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Item0">$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\src;..\include;..</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Item1">$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\src;..\include;..</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Item2">$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\src;..\src;..\include</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath></HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath Name="Count">1</HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath Name="Item0">$(BDS)\lib;$(BDS)\lib\obj;$(BDS)\lib\psdk</HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath></HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlDefines><HistoryLists_hlDefines Name="Count">1</HistoryLists_hlDefines><HistoryLists_hlDefines Name="Item0">NO_STRICT</HistoryLists_hlDefines></HistoryLists_hlDefines><HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize><HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize Name="Count">1</HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize><HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize Name="Item0">32</HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize><HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize Name="Item1">16</HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize></HistoryLists_hlTLIB_PageSize></CPlusPlusBuilder.Personality></BorlandProject></BorlandProject>

+ </ProjectExtensions>

+ <Import Project="$(MSBuildBinPath)\Borland.Cpp.Targets" />

+ <ItemGroup>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest-death-test.h">

+ <BuildOrder>3</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest-message.h">

+ <BuildOrder>4</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest-param-test.h">

+ <BuildOrder>5</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest-spi.h">

+ <BuildOrder>6</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest-test-part.h">

+ <BuildOrder>7</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest-typed-test.h">

+ <BuildOrder>8</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest.h">

+ <BuildOrder>0</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest_pred_impl.h">

+ <BuildOrder>1</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\gtest_prod.h">

+ <BuildOrder>2</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-death-test-internal.h">

+ <BuildOrder>9</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-filepath.h">

+ <BuildOrder>10</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-internal.h">

+ <BuildOrder>11</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-linked_ptr.h">

+ <BuildOrder>12</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-param-util-generated.h">

+ <BuildOrder>14</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-param-util.h">

+ <BuildOrder>13</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-port.h">

+ <BuildOrder>15</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-string.h">

+ <BuildOrder>16</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <None Include="..\include\gtest\internal\gtest-type-util.h">

+ <BuildOrder>17</BuildOrder>

+ </None>

+ <CppCompile Include="gtest_all.cc">

+ <BuildOrder>18</BuildOrder>

+ </CppCompile>

+ <BuildConfiguration Include="Debug">

+ <Key>Cfg_1</Key>

+ </BuildConfiguration>

+ <BuildConfiguration Include="Release">

+ <Key>Cfg_2</Key>

+ </BuildConfiguration>

+ </ItemGroup>

+</Project> \ No newline at end of file

+<Project xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">

+ <PropertyGroup>

+ <ProjectGuid>{c1d923e0-6cba-4332-9b6f-3420acbf5091}</ProjectGuid>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <ItemGroup />

+ <ItemGroup>

+ <Projects Include="gtest.cbproj" />

+ <Projects Include="gtest_main.cbproj" />

+ <Projects Include="gtest_unittest.cbproj" />

+ </ItemGroup>

+ <ProjectExtensions>

+ <Borland.Personality>Default.Personality</Borland.Personality>

+ <Borland.ProjectType />

+ <BorlandProject>

+<BorlandProject xmlns=""><Default.Personality></Default.Personality></BorlandProject></BorlandProject>

+ </ProjectExtensions>

+ <Target Name="gtest">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest.cbproj" Targets="" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest:Clean">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest.cbproj" Targets="Clean" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest:Make">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest.cbproj" Targets="Make" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest_main">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest_main.cbproj" Targets="" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest_main:Clean">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest_main.cbproj" Targets="Clean" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest_main:Make">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest_main.cbproj" Targets="Make" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest_unittest">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest_unittest.cbproj" Targets="" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest_unittest:Clean">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest_unittest.cbproj" Targets="Clean" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="gtest_unittest:Make">

+ <MSBuild Projects="gtest_unittest.cbproj" Targets="Make" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="Build">

+ <CallTarget Targets="gtest;gtest_main;gtest_unittest" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="Clean">

+ <CallTarget Targets="gtest:Clean;gtest_main:Clean;gtest_unittest:Clean" />

+ </Target>

+ <Target Name="Make">

+ <CallTarget Targets="gtest:Make;gtest_main:Make;gtest_unittest:Make" />

+ </Target>

+ <Import Condition="Exists('$(MSBuildBinPath)\Borland.Group.Targets')" Project="$(MSBuildBinPath)\Borland.Group.Targets" />

+</Project> \ No newline at end of file

+// Copyright 2009, Google Inc.

+// All rights reserved.

+//

+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are

+// met:

+//

+// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

+// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above

+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer

+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

+// distribution.

+// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its

+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from

+// this software without specific prior written permission.

+//

+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR

+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT

+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT

+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY

+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT

+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE

+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

+//

+// Author: Josh Kelley (joshkel@gmail.com)

+//

+// Google C++ Testing Framework (Google Test)

+//

+// C++Builder's IDE cannot build a static library from files with hyphens

+// in their name. See http://qc.codegear.com/wc/qcmain.aspx?d=70977 .

+// This file serves as a workaround.

+

+#include "src/gtest-all.cc"

+// Copyright 2009, Google Inc.

+// All rights reserved.

+//

+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are

+// met:

+//

+// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

+// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above

+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer

+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the

+// distribution.

+// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its

+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from

+// this software without specific prior written permission.

+//

+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR

+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT

+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT

+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY

+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT

+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE

+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

+//

+// Author: Josh Kelley (joshkel@gmail.com)

+//

+// Google C++ Testing Framework (Google Test)

+//

+// Links gtest.lib and gtest_main.lib into the current project in C++Builder.

+// This means that these libraries can't be renamed, but it's the only way to

+// ensure that Debug versus Release test builds are linked against the

+// appropriate Debug or Release build of the libraries.

+

+#pragma link "gtest.lib"

+#pragma link "gtest_main.lib"

+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

+<Project xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">

+ <PropertyGroup>

+ <ProjectGuid>{bca37a72-5b07-46cf-b44e-89f8e06451a2}</ProjectGuid>

+ <Config Condition="'$(Config)'==''">Release</Config>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Base' or '$(Base)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Debug' or '$(Cfg_1)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ <Cfg_1>true</Cfg_1>

+ <CfgParent>Base</CfgParent>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Release' or '$(Cfg_2)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ <Cfg_2>true</Cfg_2>

+ <CfgParent>Base</CfgParent>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Base)'!=''">

+ <BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>true</BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>

+ <OutputExt>lib</OutputExt>

+ <DCC_CBuilderOutput>JPHNE</DCC_CBuilderOutput>

+ <Defines>NO_STRICT</Defines>

+ <DynamicRTL>true</DynamicRTL>

+ <UsePackages>true</UsePackages>

+ <ProjectType>CppStaticLibrary</ProjectType>

+ <BCC_CPPCompileAlways>true</BCC_CPPCompileAlways>

+ <PackageImports>rtl.bpi;vcl.bpi;bcbie.bpi;vclx.bpi;vclactnband.bpi;xmlrtl.bpi;bcbsmp.bpi;dbrtl.bpi;vcldb.bpi;bdertl.bpi;vcldbx.bpi;dsnap.bpi;dsnapcon.bpi;vclib.bpi;ibxpress.bpi;adortl.bpi;dbxcds.bpi;dbexpress.bpi;DbxCommonDriver.bpi;websnap.bpi;vclie.bpi;webdsnap.bpi;inet.bpi;inetdbbde.bpi;inetdbxpress.bpi;soaprtl.bpi;Rave75VCL.bpi;teeUI.bpi;tee.bpi;teedb.bpi;IndyCore.bpi;IndySystem.bpi;IndyProtocols.bpi;IntrawebDB_90_100.bpi;Intraweb_90_100.bpi;dclZipForged11.bpi;vclZipForged11.bpi;GR32_BDS2006.bpi;GR32_DSGN_BDS2006.bpi;Jcl.bpi;JclVcl.bpi;JvCoreD11R.bpi;JvSystemD11R.bpi;JvStdCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvAppFrmD11R.bpi;JvBandsD11R.bpi;JvDBD11R.bpi;JvDlgsD11R.bpi;JvBDED11R.bpi;JvCmpD11R.bpi;JvCryptD11R.bpi;JvCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvCustomD11R.bpi;JvDockingD11R.bpi;JvDotNetCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvEDID11R.bpi;JvGlobusD11R.bpi;JvHMID11R.bpi;JvInterpreterD11R.bpi;JvJansD11R.bpi;JvManagedThreadsD11R.bpi;JvMMD11R.bpi;JvNetD11R.bpi;JvPageCompsD11R.bpi;JvPluginD11R.bpi;JvPrintPreviewD11R.bpi;JvRuntimeDesignD11R.bpi;JvTimeFrameworkD11R.bpi;JvValidatorsD11R.bpi;JvWizardD11R.bpi;JvXPCtrlsD11R.bpi;VclSmp.bpi;CExceptionExpert11.bpi</PackageImports>

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+ <IncludePath>$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\src;..\include;..</IncludePath>

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+ <ILINK_LibraryPath>$(BDS)\lib;$(BDS)\lib\obj;$(BDS)\lib\psdk</ILINK_LibraryPath>

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+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Cfg_2)'!=''">

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+ </ProjectExtensions>

+ <Import Project="$(MSBuildBinPath)\Borland.Cpp.Targets" />

+ <ItemGroup>

+ <CppCompile Include="..\src\gtest_main.cc">

+ <BuildOrder>0</BuildOrder>

+ </CppCompile>

+ <BuildConfiguration Include="Debug">

+ <Key>Cfg_1</Key>

+ </BuildConfiguration>

+ <BuildConfiguration Include="Release">

+ <Key>Cfg_2</Key>

+ </BuildConfiguration>

+ </ItemGroup>

+</Project>

+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

+<Project xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">

+ <PropertyGroup>

+ <ProjectGuid>{eea63393-5ac5-4b9c-8909-d75fef2daa41}</ProjectGuid>

+ <Config Condition="'$(Config)'==''">Release</Config>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Base' or '$(Base)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Debug' or '$(Cfg_1)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ <Cfg_1>true</Cfg_1>

+ <CfgParent>Base</CfgParent>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Config)'=='Release' or '$(Cfg_2)'!=''">

+ <Base>true</Base>

+ <Cfg_2>true</Cfg_2>

+ <CfgParent>Base</CfgParent>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Base)'!=''">

+ <OutputExt>exe</OutputExt>

+ <BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>true</BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>

+ <Defines>NO_STRICT</Defines>

+ <DCC_CBuilderOutput>JPHNE</DCC_CBuilderOutput>

+ <DynamicRTL>true</DynamicRTL>

+ <ILINK_ObjectSearchPath>..\test</ILINK_ObjectSearchPath>

+ <UsePackages>true</UsePackages>

+ <ProjectType>CppConsoleApplication</ProjectType>

+ <NoVCL>true</NoVCL>

+ <BCC_CPPCompileAlways>true</BCC_CPPCompileAlways>

+ <PackageImports>rtl.bpi;vcl.bpi;bcbie.bpi;vclx.bpi;vclactnband.bpi;xmlrtl.bpi;bcbsmp.bpi;dbrtl.bpi;vcldb.bpi;bdertl.bpi;vcldbx.bpi;dsnap.bpi;dsnapcon.bpi;vclib.bpi;ibxpress.bpi;adortl.bpi;dbxcds.bpi;dbexpress.bpi;DbxCommonDriver.bpi;websnap.bpi;vclie.bpi;webdsnap.bpi;inet.bpi;inetdbbde.bpi;inetdbxpress.bpi;soaprtl.bpi;Rave75VCL.bpi;teeUI.bpi;tee.bpi;teedb.bpi;IndyCore.bpi;IndySystem.bpi;IndyProtocols.bpi;IntrawebDB_90_100.bpi;Intraweb_90_100.bpi;Jcl.bpi;JclVcl.bpi;JvCoreD11R.bpi;JvSystemD11R.bpi;JvStdCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvAppFrmD11R.bpi;JvBandsD11R.bpi;JvDBD11R.bpi;JvDlgsD11R.bpi;JvBDED11R.bpi;JvCmpD11R.bpi;JvCryptD11R.bpi;JvCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvCustomD11R.bpi;JvDockingD11R.bpi;JvDotNetCtrlsD11R.bpi;JvEDID11R.bpi;JvGlobusD11R.bpi;JvHMID11R.bpi;JvInterpreterD11R.bpi;JvJansD11R.bpi;JvManagedThreadsD11R.bpi;JvMMD11R.bpi;JvNetD11R.bpi;JvPageCompsD11R.bpi;JvPluginD11R.bpi;JvPrintPreviewD11R.bpi;JvRuntimeDesignD11R.bpi;JvTimeFrameworkD11R.bpi;JvValidatorsD11R.bpi;JvWizardD11R.bpi;JvXPCtrlsD11R.bpi;VclSmp.bpi</PackageImports>

+ <BCC_wpar>false</BCC_wpar>

+ <IncludePath>$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\include;..\test;..</IncludePath>

+ <ILINK_LibraryPath>$(BDS)\lib;$(BDS)\lib\obj;$(BDS)\lib\psdk;..\test</ILINK_LibraryPath>

+ <Multithreaded>true</Multithreaded>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Cfg_1)'!=''">

+ <BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>false</BCC_OptimizeForSpeed>

+ <DCC_Optimize>false</DCC_Optimize>

+ <DCC_DebugInfoInExe>true</DCC_DebugInfoInExe>

+ <Defines>_DEBUG;$(Defines)</Defines>

+ <ILINK_FullDebugInfo>true</ILINK_FullDebugInfo>

+ <BCC_InlineFunctionExpansion>false</BCC_InlineFunctionExpansion>

+ <ILINK_DisableIncrementalLinking>true</ILINK_DisableIncrementalLinking>

+ <BCC_UseRegisterVariables>None</BCC_UseRegisterVariables>

+ <DCC_Define>DEBUG</DCC_Define>

+ <BCC_DebugLineNumbers>true</BCC_DebugLineNumbers>

+ <IntermediateOutputDir>Debug</IntermediateOutputDir>

+ <TASM_DisplaySourceLines>true</TASM_DisplaySourceLines>

+ <BCC_StackFrames>true</BCC_StackFrames>

+ <BCC_DisableOptimizations>true</BCC_DisableOptimizations>

+ <ILINK_LibraryPath>$(BDS)\lib\debug;$(ILINK_LibraryPath)</ILINK_LibraryPath>

+ <TASM_Debugging>Full</TASM_Debugging>

+ <BCC_SourceDebuggingOn>true</BCC_SourceDebuggingOn>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Cfg_2)'!=''">

+ <Defines>NDEBUG;$(Defines)</Defines>

+ <IntermediateOutputDir>Release</IntermediateOutputDir>

+ <ILINK_LibraryPath>$(BDS)\lib\release;$(ILINK_LibraryPath)</ILINK_LibraryPath>

+ <TASM_Debugging>None</TASM_Debugging>

+ </PropertyGroup>

+ <ProjectExtensions>

+ <Borland.Personality>CPlusPlusBuilder.Personality</Borland.Personality>

+ <Borland.ProjectType>CppConsoleApplication</Borland.ProjectType>

+ <BorlandProject>

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+

+

+ <Excluded_Packages Name="$(BDS)\bin\bcboffice2k100.bpl">CodeGear C++Builder Office 2000 Servers Package</Excluded_Packages>

+ <Excluded_Packages Name="$(BDS)\bin\bcbofficexp100.bpl">CodeGear C++Builder Office XP Servers Package</Excluded_Packages>

+ </Excluded_Packages><Linker><Linker Name="LibPrefix"></Linker><Linker Name="LibSuffix"></Linker><Linker Name="LibVersion"></Linker></Linker><ProjectProperties><ProjectProperties Name="AutoShowDeps">False</ProjectProperties><ProjectProperties Name="ManagePaths">True</ProjectProperties><ProjectProperties Name="VerifyPackages">True</ProjectProperties></ProjectProperties><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Count">3</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Item0">$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\include;..\test;..</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Item1">$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\include;..\test</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlIncludePath Name="Item2">$(BDS)\include;$(BDS)\include\dinkumware;$(BDS)\include\vcl;..\include</HistoryLists_hlIncludePath></HistoryLists_hlIncludePath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath Name="Count">1</HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath Name="Item0">$(BDS)\lib;$(BDS)\lib\obj;$(BDS)\lib\psdk;..\test</HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath Name="Item1">$(BDS)\lib;$(BDS)\lib\obj;$(BDS)\lib\psdk;..\test</HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath Name="Item2">$(BDS)\lib;$(BDS)\lib\obj;$(BDS)\lib\psdk;$(OUTPUTDIR);..\test</HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath></HistoryLists_hlILINK_LibraryPath><HistoryLists_hlDefines><HistoryLists_hlDefines Name="Count">2</HistoryLists_hlDefines><HistoryLists_hlDefines Name="Item0">NO_STRICT</HistoryLists_hlDefines><HistoryLists_hlDefines Name="Item1">STRICT</HistoryLists_hlDefines></HistoryLists_hlDefines></CPlusPlusBuilder.Personality></BorlandProject></BorlandProject>

+ </ProjectExtensions>

+ <Import Project="$(MSBuildBinPath)\Borland.Cpp.Targets" />

+ <ItemGroup>

+ <CppCompile Include="..\test\gtest_unittest.cc">

+ <BuildOrder>0</BuildOrder>

+ </CppCompile>

+ <CppCompile Include="gtest_link.cc">

+ <BuildOrder>1</BuildOrder>

+ </CppCompile>

+ <BuildConfiguration Include="Debug">

+ <Key>Cfg_1</Key>

+ </BuildConfiguration>

+ <BuildConfiguration Include="Release">

+ <Key>Cfg_2</Key>

+ </BuildConfiguration>

+ </ItemGroup>

+</Project> \ No newline at end of file

+m4_include(m4/acx_pthread.m4)

+

+# At this point, the Xcode project assumes the version string will be three

+# integers separated by periods and surrounded by square brackets (e.g.

+# "[1.0.1]"). It also asumes that there won't be any closing parenthesis

+# between "AC_INIT(" and the closing ")" including comments and strings.

+AC_INIT([Google C++ Testing Framework],

+ [1.7.0],

+ [googletestframework@googlegroups.com],

+ [gtest])

+

+# Provide various options to initialize the Autoconf and configure processes.

+AC_PREREQ([2.59])

+AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([./LICENSE])

+AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIR([m4])

+AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])

+AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([build-aux/config.h])

+AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])

+AC_CONFIG_FILES([scripts/gtest-config], [chmod +x scripts/gtest-config])

+

+# Initialize Automake with various options. We require at least v1.9, prevent

+# pedantic complaints about package files, and enable various distribution

+# targets.

+AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([1.9 dist-bzip2 dist-zip foreign subdir-objects])

+

+# Check for programs used in building Google Test.

+AC_PROG_CC

+AC_PROG_CXX

+AC_LANG([C++])

+AC_PROG_LIBTOOL

+

+# TODO(chandlerc@google.com): Currently we aren't running the Python tests

+# against the interpreter detected by AM_PATH_PYTHON, and so we condition

+# HAVE_PYTHON by requiring "python" to be in the PATH, and that interpreter's

+# version to be >= 2.3. This will allow the scripts to use a "/usr/bin/env"

+# hashbang.

+PYTHON= # We *do not* allow the user to specify a python interpreter

+AC_PATH_PROG([PYTHON],[python],[:])

+AS_IF([test "$PYTHON" != ":"],

+ [AM_PYTHON_CHECK_VERSION([$PYTHON],[2.3],[:],[PYTHON=":"])])

+AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PYTHON],[test "$PYTHON" != ":"])

+

+# Configure pthreads.

+AC_ARG_WITH([pthreads],

+ [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-pthreads],

+ [use pthreads (default is yes)])],

+ [with_pthreads=$withval],

+ [with_pthreads=check])

+

+have_pthreads=no

+AS_IF([test "x$with_pthreads" != "xno"],

+ [ACX_PTHREAD(

+ [],

+ [AS_IF([test "x$with_pthreads" != "xcheck"],

+ [AC_MSG_FAILURE(

+ [--with-pthreads was specified, but unable to be used])])])

+ have_pthreads="$acx_pthread_ok"])

+AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PTHREADS],[test "x$have_pthreads" = "xyes"])

+AC_SUBST(PTHREAD_CFLAGS)

+AC_SUBST(PTHREAD_LIBS)

+

+# TODO(chandlerc@google.com) Check for the necessary system headers.

+

+# TODO(chandlerc@google.com) Check the types, structures, and other compiler

+# and architecture characteristics.

+

+# Output the generated files. No further autoconf macros may be used.

+AC_OUTPUT

+

+

+Now that you have read [Primer](Primer.md) and learned how to write tests

+using Google Test, it's time to learn some new tricks. This document

+will show you more assertions as well as how to construct complex

+failure messages, propagate fatal failures, reuse and speed up your

+test fixtures, and use various flags with your tests.

+

+# More Assertions #

+

+This section covers some less frequently used, but still significant,

+assertions.

+

+## Explicit Success and Failure ##

+

+These three assertions do not actually test a value or expression. Instead,

+they generate a success or failure directly. Like the macros that actually

+perform a test, you may stream a custom failure message into the them.

+

+| `SUCCEED();` |

+|:-------------|

+

+Generates a success. This does NOT make the overall test succeed. A test is

+considered successful only if none of its assertions fail during its execution.

+

+Note: `SUCCEED()` is purely documentary and currently doesn't generate any

+user-visible output. However, we may add `SUCCEED()` messages to Google Test's

+output in the future.

+

+| `FAIL();` | `ADD_FAILURE();` | `ADD_FAILURE_AT("`_file\_path_`", `_line\_number_`);` |

+|:-----------|:-----------------|:------------------------------------------------------|

+

+`FAIL()` generates a fatal failure, while `ADD_FAILURE()` and `ADD_FAILURE_AT()` generate a nonfatal

+failure. These are useful when control flow, rather than a Boolean expression,

+deteremines the test's success or failure. For example, you might want to write

+something like:

+

+```

+switch(expression) {

+ case 1: ... some checks ...

+ case 2: ... some other checks

+ ...

+ default: FAIL() << "We shouldn't get here.";

+}

+```

+

+Note: you can only use `FAIL()` in functions that return `void`. See the [Assertion Placement section](#assertion-placement) for more information.

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+## Exception Assertions ##

+

+These are for verifying that a piece of code throws (or does not

+throw) an exception of the given type:

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_THROW(`_statement_, _exception\_type_`);` | `EXPECT_THROW(`_statement_, _exception\_type_`);` | _statement_ throws an exception of the given type |

+| `ASSERT_ANY_THROW(`_statement_`);` | `EXPECT_ANY_THROW(`_statement_`);` | _statement_ throws an exception of any type |

+| `ASSERT_NO_THROW(`_statement_`);` | `EXPECT_NO_THROW(`_statement_`);` | _statement_ doesn't throw any exception |

+

+Examples:

+

+```

+ASSERT_THROW(Foo(5), bar_exception);

+

+EXPECT_NO_THROW({

+ int n = 5;

+ Bar(&n);

+});

+```

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac; since version 1.1.0.

+

+## Predicate Assertions for Better Error Messages ##

+

+Even though Google Test has a rich set of assertions, they can never be

+complete, as it's impossible (nor a good idea) to anticipate all the scenarios

+a user might run into. Therefore, sometimes a user has to use `EXPECT_TRUE()`

+to check a complex expression, for lack of a better macro. This has the problem

+of not showing you the values of the parts of the expression, making it hard to

+understand what went wrong. As a workaround, some users choose to construct the

+failure message by themselves, streaming it into `EXPECT_TRUE()`. However, this

+is awkward especially when the expression has side-effects or is expensive to

+evaluate.

+

+Google Test gives you three different options to solve this problem:

+

+### Using an Existing Boolean Function ###

+

+If you already have a function or a functor that returns `bool` (or a type

+that can be implicitly converted to `bool`), you can use it in a _predicate

+assertion_ to get the function arguments printed for free:

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_PRED1(`_pred1, val1_`);` | `EXPECT_PRED1(`_pred1, val1_`);` | _pred1(val1)_ returns true |

+| `ASSERT_PRED2(`_pred2, val1, val2_`);` | `EXPECT_PRED2(`_pred2, val1, val2_`);` | _pred2(val1, val2)_ returns true |

+| ... | ... | ... |

+

+In the above, _predn_ is an _n_-ary predicate function or functor, where

+_val1_, _val2_, ..., and _valn_ are its arguments. The assertion succeeds

+if the predicate returns `true` when applied to the given arguments, and fails

+otherwise. When the assertion fails, it prints the value of each argument. In

+either case, the arguments are evaluated exactly once.

+

+Here's an example. Given

+

+```

+// Returns true iff m and n have no common divisors except 1.

+bool MutuallyPrime(int m, int n) { ... }

+const int a = 3;

+const int b = 4;

+const int c = 10;

+```

+

+the assertion `EXPECT_PRED2(MutuallyPrime, a, b);` will succeed, while the

+assertion `EXPECT_PRED2(MutuallyPrime, b, c);` will fail with the message

+

+<pre>

+!MutuallyPrime(b, c) is false, where<br>

+b is 4<br>

+c is 10<br>

+</pre>

+

+**Notes:**

+

+ 1. If you see a compiler error "no matching function to call" when using `ASSERT_PRED*` or `EXPECT_PRED*`, please see [this FAQ](FAQ.md#the-compiler-complains-no-matching-function-to-call-when-i-use-assert_predn-how-do-i-fix-it) for how to resolve it.

+ 1. Currently we only provide predicate assertions of arity <= 5. If you need a higher-arity assertion, let us know.

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac

+

+### Using a Function That Returns an AssertionResult ###

+

+While `EXPECT_PRED*()` and friends are handy for a quick job, the

+syntax is not satisfactory: you have to use different macros for

+different arities, and it feels more like Lisp than C++. The

+`::testing::AssertionResult` class solves this problem.

+

+An `AssertionResult` object represents the result of an assertion

+(whether it's a success or a failure, and an associated message). You

+can create an `AssertionResult` using one of these factory

+functions:

+

+```

+namespace testing {

+

+// Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has

+// succeeded.

+AssertionResult AssertionSuccess();

+

+// Returns an AssertionResult object to indicate that an assertion has

+// failed.

+AssertionResult AssertionFailure();

+

+}

+```

+

+You can then use the `<<` operator to stream messages to the

+`AssertionResult` object.

+

+To provide more readable messages in Boolean assertions

+(e.g. `EXPECT_TRUE()`), write a predicate function that returns

+`AssertionResult` instead of `bool`. For example, if you define

+`IsEven()` as:

+

+```

+::testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) {

+ if ((n % 2) == 0)

+ return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();

+ else

+ return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";

+}

+```

+

+instead of:

+

+```

+bool IsEven(int n) {

+ return (n % 2) == 0;

+}

+```

+

+the failed assertion `EXPECT_TRUE(IsEven(Fib(4)))` will print:

+

+<pre>

+Value of: IsEven(Fib(4))<br>

+Actual: false (*3 is odd*)<br>

+Expected: true<br>

+</pre>

+

+instead of a more opaque

+

+<pre>

+Value of: IsEven(Fib(4))<br>

+Actual: false<br>

+Expected: true<br>

+</pre>

+

+If you want informative messages in `EXPECT_FALSE` and `ASSERT_FALSE`

+as well, and are fine with making the predicate slower in the success

+case, you can supply a success message:

+

+```

+::testing::AssertionResult IsEven(int n) {

+ if ((n % 2) == 0)

+ return ::testing::AssertionSuccess() << n << " is even";

+ else

+ return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << n << " is odd";

+}

+```

+

+Then the statement `EXPECT_FALSE(IsEven(Fib(6)))` will print

+

+<pre>

+Value of: IsEven(Fib(6))<br>

+Actual: true (8 is even)<br>

+Expected: false<br>

+</pre>

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac; since version 1.4.1.

+

+### Using a Predicate-Formatter ###

+

+If you find the default message generated by `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_PRED*` and

+`(ASSERT|EXPECT)_(TRUE|FALSE)` unsatisfactory, or some arguments to your

+predicate do not support streaming to `ostream`, you can instead use the

+following _predicate-formatter assertions_ to _fully_ customize how the

+message is formatted:

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT1(`_pred\_format1, val1_`);` | `EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(`_pred\_format1, val1_`);` | _pred\_format1(val1)_ is successful |

+| `ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2(`_pred\_format2, val1, val2_`);` | `EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(`_pred\_format2, val1, val2_`);` | _pred\_format2(val1, val2)_ is successful |

+| `...` | `...` | `...` |

+

+The difference between this and the previous two groups of macros is that instead of

+a predicate, `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_PRED_FORMAT*` take a _predicate-formatter_

+(_pred\_formatn_), which is a function or functor with the signature:

+

+`::testing::AssertionResult PredicateFormattern(const char* `_expr1_`, const char* `_expr2_`, ... const char* `_exprn_`, T1 `_val1_`, T2 `_val2_`, ... Tn `_valn_`);`

+

+where _val1_, _val2_, ..., and _valn_ are the values of the predicate

+arguments, and _expr1_, _expr2_, ..., and _exprn_ are the corresponding

+expressions as they appear in the source code. The types `T1`, `T2`, ..., and

+`Tn` can be either value types or reference types. For example, if an

+argument has type `Foo`, you can declare it as either `Foo` or `const Foo&`,

+whichever is appropriate.

+

+A predicate-formatter returns a `::testing::AssertionResult` object to indicate

+whether the assertion has succeeded or not. The only way to create such an

+object is to call one of these factory functions:

+

+As an example, let's improve the failure message in the previous example, which uses `EXPECT_PRED2()`:

+

+```

+// Returns the smallest prime common divisor of m and n,

+// or 1 when m and n are mutually prime.

+int SmallestPrimeCommonDivisor(int m, int n) { ... }

+

+// A predicate-formatter for asserting that two integers are mutually prime.

+::testing::AssertionResult AssertMutuallyPrime(const char* m_expr,

+ const char* n_expr,

+ int m,

+ int n) {

+ if (MutuallyPrime(m, n))

+ return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();

+

+ return ::testing::AssertionFailure()

+ << m_expr << " and " << n_expr << " (" << m << " and " << n

+ << ") are not mutually prime, " << "as they have a common divisor "

+ << SmallestPrimeCommonDivisor(m, n);

+}

+```

+

+With this predicate-formatter, we can use

+

+```

+EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(AssertMutuallyPrime, b, c);

+```

+

+to generate the message

+

+<pre>

+b and c (4 and 10) are not mutually prime, as they have a common divisor 2.<br>

+</pre>

+

+As you may have realized, many of the assertions we introduced earlier are

+special cases of `(EXPECT|ASSERT)_PRED_FORMAT*`. In fact, most of them are

+indeed defined using `(EXPECT|ASSERT)_PRED_FORMAT*`.

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+

+## Floating-Point Comparison ##

+

+Comparing floating-point numbers is tricky. Due to round-off errors, it is

+very unlikely that two floating-points will match exactly. Therefore,

+`ASSERT_EQ` 's naive comparison usually doesn't work. And since floating-points

+can have a wide value range, no single fixed error bound works. It's better to

+compare by a fixed relative error bound, except for values close to 0 due to

+the loss of precision there.

+

+In general, for floating-point comparison to make sense, the user needs to

+carefully choose the error bound. If they don't want or care to, comparing in

+terms of Units in the Last Place (ULPs) is a good default, and Google Test

+provides assertions to do this. Full details about ULPs are quite long; if you

+want to learn more, see

+[this article on float comparison](http://www.cygnus-software.com/papers/comparingfloats/comparingfloats.htm).

+

+### Floating-Point Macros ###

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_FLOAT_EQ(`_val1, val2_`);` | `EXPECT_FLOAT_EQ(`_val1, val2_`);` | the two `float` values are almost equal |

+| `ASSERT_DOUBLE_EQ(`_val1, val2_`);` | `EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(`_val1, val2_`);` | the two `double` values are almost equal |

+

+By "almost equal", we mean the two values are within 4 ULP's from each

+other.

+

+The following assertions allow you to choose the acceptable error bound:

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_NEAR(`_val1, val2, abs\_error_`);` | `EXPECT_NEAR`_(val1, val2, abs\_error_`);` | the difference between _val1_ and _val2_ doesn't exceed the given absolute error |

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+### Floating-Point Predicate-Format Functions ###

+

+Some floating-point operations are useful, but not that often used. In order

+to avoid an explosion of new macros, we provide them as predicate-format

+functions that can be used in predicate assertion macros (e.g.

+`EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2`, etc).

+

+```

+EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(::testing::FloatLE, val1, val2);

+EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(::testing::DoubleLE, val1, val2);

+```

+

+Verifies that _val1_ is less than, or almost equal to, _val2_. You can

+replace `EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2` in the above table with `ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT2`.

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+## Windows HRESULT assertions ##

+

+These assertions test for `HRESULT` success or failure.

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(`_expression_`);` | `EXPECT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(`_expression_`);` | _expression_ is a success `HRESULT` |

+| `ASSERT_HRESULT_FAILED(`_expression_`);` | `EXPECT_HRESULT_FAILED(`_expression_`);` | _expression_ is a failure `HRESULT` |

+

+The generated output contains the human-readable error message

+associated with the `HRESULT` code returned by _expression_.

+

+You might use them like this:

+

+```

+CComPtr shell;

+ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(shell.CoCreateInstance(L"Shell.Application"));

+CComVariant empty;

+ASSERT_HRESULT_SUCCEEDED(shell->ShellExecute(CComBSTR(url), empty, empty, empty, empty));

+```

+

+_Availability_: Windows.

+

+## Type Assertions ##

+

+You can call the function

+```

+::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>();

+```

+to assert that types `T1` and `T2` are the same. The function does

+nothing if the assertion is satisfied. If the types are different,

+the function call will fail to compile, and the compiler error message

+will likely (depending on the compiler) show you the actual values of

+`T1` and `T2`. This is mainly useful inside template code.

+

+_Caveat:_ When used inside a member function of a class template or a

+function template, `StaticAssertTypeEq<T1, T2>()` is effective _only if_

+the function is instantiated. For example, given:

+```

+template <typename T> class Foo {

+ public:

+ void Bar() { ::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<int, T>(); }

+};

+```

+the code:

+```

+void Test1() { Foo<bool> foo; }

+```

+will _not_ generate a compiler error, as `Foo<bool>::Bar()` is never

+actually instantiated. Instead, you need:

+```

+void Test2() { Foo<bool> foo; foo.Bar(); }

+```

+to cause a compiler error.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac; since version 1.3.0.

+

+## Assertion Placement ##

+

+You can use assertions in any C++ function. In particular, it doesn't

+have to be a method of the test fixture class. The one constraint is

+that assertions that generate a fatal failure (`FAIL*` and `ASSERT_*`)

+can only be used in void-returning functions. This is a consequence of

+Google Test not using exceptions. By placing it in a non-void function

+you'll get a confusing compile error like

+`"error: void value not ignored as it ought to be"`.

+

+If you need to use assertions in a function that returns non-void, one option

+is to make the function return the value in an out parameter instead. For

+example, you can rewrite `T2 Foo(T1 x)` to `void Foo(T1 x, T2* result)`. You

+need to make sure that `*result` contains some sensible value even when the

+function returns prematurely. As the function now returns `void`, you can use

+any assertion inside of it.

+

+If changing the function's type is not an option, you should just use

+assertions that generate non-fatal failures, such as `ADD_FAILURE*` and

+`EXPECT_*`.

+

+_Note_: Constructors and destructors are not considered void-returning

+functions, according to the C++ language specification, and so you may not use

+fatal assertions in them. You'll get a compilation error if you try. A simple

+workaround is to transfer the entire body of the constructor or destructor to a

+private void-returning method. However, you should be aware that a fatal

+assertion failure in a constructor does not terminate the current test, as your

+intuition might suggest; it merely returns from the constructor early, possibly

+leaving your object in a partially-constructed state. Likewise, a fatal

+assertion failure in a destructor may leave your object in a

+partially-destructed state. Use assertions carefully in these situations!

+

+# Teaching Google Test How to Print Your Values #

+

+When a test assertion such as `EXPECT_EQ` fails, Google Test prints the

+argument values to help you debug. It does this using a

+user-extensible value printer.

+

+This printer knows how to print built-in C++ types, native arrays, STL

+containers, and any type that supports the `<<` operator. For other

+types, it prints the raw bytes in the value and hopes that you the

+user can figure it out.

+

+As mentioned earlier, the printer is _extensible_. That means

+you can teach it to do a better job at printing your particular type

+than to dump the bytes. To do that, define `<<` for your type:

+

+```

+#include <iostream>

+

+namespace foo {

+

+class Bar { ... }; // We want Google Test to be able to print instances of this.

+

+// It's important that the << operator is defined in the SAME

+// namespace that defines Bar. C++'s look-up rules rely on that.

+::std::ostream& operator<<(::std::ostream& os, const Bar& bar) {

+ return os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os

+}

+

+} // namespace foo

+```

+

+Sometimes, this might not be an option: your team may consider it bad

+style to have a `<<` operator for `Bar`, or `Bar` may already have a

+`<<` operator that doesn't do what you want (and you cannot change

+it). If so, you can instead define a `PrintTo()` function like this:

+

+```

+#include <iostream>

+

+namespace foo {

+

+class Bar { ... };

+

+// It's important that PrintTo() is defined in the SAME

+// namespace that defines Bar. C++'s look-up rules rely on that.

+void PrintTo(const Bar& bar, ::std::ostream* os) {

+ *os << bar.DebugString(); // whatever needed to print bar to os

+}

+

+} // namespace foo

+```

+

+If you have defined both `<<` and `PrintTo()`, the latter will be used

+when Google Test is concerned. This allows you to customize how the value

+appears in Google Test's output without affecting code that relies on the

+behavior of its `<<` operator.

+

+If you want to print a value `x` using Google Test's value printer

+yourself, just call `::testing::PrintToString(`_x_`)`, which

+returns an `std::string`:

+

+```

+vector<pair<Bar, int> > bar_ints = GetBarIntVector();

+

+EXPECT_TRUE(IsCorrectBarIntVector(bar_ints))

+ << "bar_ints = " << ::testing::PrintToString(bar_ints);

+```

+

+# Death Tests #

+

+In many applications, there are assertions that can cause application failure

+if a condition is not met. These sanity checks, which ensure that the program

+is in a known good state, are there to fail at the earliest possible time after

+some program state is corrupted. If the assertion checks the wrong condition,

+then the program may proceed in an erroneous state, which could lead to memory

+corruption, security holes, or worse. Hence it is vitally important to test

+that such assertion statements work as expected.

+

+Since these precondition checks cause the processes to die, we call such tests

+_death tests_. More generally, any test that checks that a program terminates

+(except by throwing an exception) in an expected fashion is also a death test.

+

+Note that if a piece of code throws an exception, we don't consider it "death"

+for the purpose of death tests, as the caller of the code could catch the exception

+and avoid the crash. If you want to verify exceptions thrown by your code,

+see [Exception Assertions](#exception-assertions).

+

+If you want to test `EXPECT_*()/ASSERT_*()` failures in your test code, see [Catching Failures](#catching-failures).

+

+## How to Write a Death Test ##

+

+Google Test has the following macros to support death tests:

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_DEATH(`_statement, regex_`);` | `EXPECT_DEATH(`_statement, regex_`);` | _statement_ crashes with the given error |

+| `ASSERT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(`_statement, regex_`);` | `EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(`_statement, regex_`);` | if death tests are supported, verifies that _statement_ crashes with the given error; otherwise verifies nothing |

+| `ASSERT_EXIT(`_statement, predicate, regex_`);` | `EXPECT_EXIT(`_statement, predicate, regex_`);` |_statement_ exits with the given error and its exit code matches _predicate_ |

+

+where _statement_ is a statement that is expected to cause the process to

+die, _predicate_ is a function or function object that evaluates an integer

+exit status, and _regex_ is a regular expression that the stderr output of

+_statement_ is expected to match. Note that _statement_ can be _any valid

+statement_ (including _compound statement_) and doesn't have to be an

+expression.

+

+As usual, the `ASSERT` variants abort the current test function, while the

+`EXPECT` variants do not.

+

+**Note:** We use the word "crash" here to mean that the process

+terminates with a _non-zero_ exit status code. There are two

+possibilities: either the process has called `exit()` or `_exit()`

+with a non-zero value, or it may be killed by a signal.

+

+This means that if _statement_ terminates the process with a 0 exit

+code, it is _not_ considered a crash by `EXPECT_DEATH`. Use

+`EXPECT_EXIT` instead if this is the case, or if you want to restrict

+the exit code more precisely.

+

+A predicate here must accept an `int` and return a `bool`. The death test

+succeeds only if the predicate returns `true`. Google Test defines a few

+predicates that handle the most common cases:

+

+```

+::testing::ExitedWithCode(exit_code)

+```

+

+This expression is `true` if the program exited normally with the given exit

+code.

+

+```

+::testing::KilledBySignal(signal_number) // Not available on Windows.

+```

+

+This expression is `true` if the program was killed by the given signal.

+

+The `*_DEATH` macros are convenient wrappers for `*_EXIT` that use a predicate

+that verifies the process' exit code is non-zero.

+

+Note that a death test only cares about three things:

+

+ 1. does _statement_ abort or exit the process?

+ 1. (in the case of `ASSERT_EXIT` and `EXPECT_EXIT`) does the exit status satisfy _predicate_? Or (in the case of `ASSERT_DEATH` and `EXPECT_DEATH`) is the exit status non-zero? And

+ 1. does the stderr output match _regex_?

+

+In particular, if _statement_ generates an `ASSERT_*` or `EXPECT_*` failure, it will **not** cause the death test to fail, as Google Test assertions don't abort the process.

+

+To write a death test, simply use one of the above macros inside your test

+function. For example,

+

+```

+TEST(MyDeathTest, Foo) {

+ // This death test uses a compound statement.

+ ASSERT_DEATH({ int n = 5; Foo(&n); }, "Error on line .* of Foo()");

+}

+TEST(MyDeathTest, NormalExit) {

+ EXPECT_EXIT(NormalExit(), ::testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "Success");

+}

+TEST(MyDeathTest, KillMyself) {

+ EXPECT_EXIT(KillMyself(), ::testing::KilledBySignal(SIGKILL), "Sending myself unblockable signal");

+}

+```

+

+verifies that:

+

+ * calling `Foo(5)` causes the process to die with the given error message,

+ * calling `NormalExit()` causes the process to print `"Success"` to stderr and exit with exit code 0, and

+ * calling `KillMyself()` kills the process with signal `SIGKILL`.

+

+The test function body may contain other assertions and statements as well, if

+necessary.

+

+_Important:_ We strongly recommend you to follow the convention of naming your

+test case (not test) `*DeathTest` when it contains a death test, as

+demonstrated in the above example. The `Death Tests And Threads` section below

+explains why.

+

+If a test fixture class is shared by normal tests and death tests, you

+can use typedef to introduce an alias for the fixture class and avoid

+duplicating its code:

+```

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test { ... };

+

+typedef FooTest FooDeathTest;

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, DoesThis) {

+ // normal test

+}

+

+TEST_F(FooDeathTest, DoesThat) {

+ // death test

+}

+```

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Cygwin, and Mac (the latter three are supported since v1.3.0). `(ASSERT|EXPECT)_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED` are new in v1.4.0.

+

+## Regular Expression Syntax ##

+

+On POSIX systems (e.g. Linux, Cygwin, and Mac), Google Test uses the

+[POSIX extended regular expression](http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap09.html#tag_09_04)

+syntax in death tests. To learn about this syntax, you may want to read this [Wikipedia entry](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression#POSIX_Extended_Regular_Expressions).

+

+On Windows, Google Test uses its own simple regular expression

+implementation. It lacks many features you can find in POSIX extended

+regular expressions. For example, we don't support union (`"x|y"`),

+grouping (`"(xy)"`), brackets (`"[xy]"`), and repetition count

+(`"x{5,7}"`), among others. Below is what we do support (Letter `A` denotes a

+literal character, period (`.`), or a single `\\` escape sequence; `x`

+and `y` denote regular expressions.):

+

+| `c` | matches any literal character `c` |

+|:----|:----------------------------------|

+| `\\d` | matches any decimal digit |

+| `\\D` | matches any character that's not a decimal digit |

+| `\\f` | matches `\f` |

+| `\\n` | matches `\n` |

+| `\\r` | matches `\r` |

+| `\\s` | matches any ASCII whitespace, including `\n` |

+| `\\S` | matches any character that's not a whitespace |

+| `\\t` | matches `\t` |

+| `\\v` | matches `\v` |

+| `\\w` | matches any letter, `_`, or decimal digit |

+| `\\W` | matches any character that `\\w` doesn't match |

+| `\\c` | matches any literal character `c`, which must be a punctuation |

+| `\\.` | matches the `.` character |

+| `.` | matches any single character except `\n` |

+| `A?` | matches 0 or 1 occurrences of `A` |

+| `A*` | matches 0 or many occurrences of `A` |

+| `A+` | matches 1 or many occurrences of `A` |

+| `^` | matches the beginning of a string (not that of each line) |

+| `$` | matches the end of a string (not that of each line) |

+| `xy` | matches `x` followed by `y` |

+

+To help you determine which capability is available on your system,

+Google Test defines macro `GTEST_USES_POSIX_RE=1` when it uses POSIX

+extended regular expressions, or `GTEST_USES_SIMPLE_RE=1` when it uses

+the simple version. If you want your death tests to work in both

+cases, you can either `#if` on these macros or use the more limited

+syntax only.

+

+## How It Works ##

+

+Under the hood, `ASSERT_EXIT()` spawns a new process and executes the

+death test statement in that process. The details of of how precisely

+that happens depend on the platform and the variable

+`::testing::GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style)` (which is initialized from the

+command-line flag `--gtest_death_test_style`).

+

+ * On POSIX systems, `fork()` (or `clone()` on Linux) is used to spawn the child, after which:

+ * If the variable's value is `"fast"`, the death test statement is immediately executed.

+ * If the variable's value is `"threadsafe"`, the child process re-executes the unit test binary just as it was originally invoked, but with some extra flags to cause just the single death test under consideration to be run.

+ * On Windows, the child is spawned using the `CreateProcess()` API, and re-executes the binary to cause just the single death test under consideration to be run - much like the `threadsafe` mode on POSIX.

+

+Other values for the variable are illegal and will cause the death test to

+fail. Currently, the flag's default value is `"fast"`. However, we reserve the

+right to change it in the future. Therefore, your tests should not depend on

+this.

+

+In either case, the parent process waits for the child process to complete, and checks that

+

+ 1. the child's exit status satisfies the predicate, and

+ 1. the child's stderr matches the regular expression.

+

+If the death test statement runs to completion without dying, the child

+process will nonetheless terminate, and the assertion fails.

+

+## Death Tests And Threads ##

+

+The reason for the two death test styles has to do with thread safety. Due to

+well-known problems with forking in the presence of threads, death tests should

+be run in a single-threaded context. Sometimes, however, it isn't feasible to

+arrange that kind of environment. For example, statically-initialized modules

+may start threads before main is ever reached. Once threads have been created,

+it may be difficult or impossible to clean them up.

+

+Google Test has three features intended to raise awareness of threading issues.

+

+ 1. A warning is emitted if multiple threads are running when a death test is encountered.

+ 1. Test cases with a name ending in "DeathTest" are run before all other tests.

+ 1. It uses `clone()` instead of `fork()` to spawn the child process on Linux (`clone()` is not available on Cygwin and Mac), as `fork()` is more likely to cause the child to hang when the parent process has multiple threads.

+

+It's perfectly fine to create threads inside a death test statement; they are

+executed in a separate process and cannot affect the parent.

+

+## Death Test Styles ##

+

+The "threadsafe" death test style was introduced in order to help mitigate the

+risks of testing in a possibly multithreaded environment. It trades increased

+test execution time (potentially dramatically so) for improved thread safety.

+We suggest using the faster, default "fast" style unless your test has specific

+problems with it.

+

+You can choose a particular style of death tests by setting the flag

+programmatically:

+

+```

+::testing::FLAGS_gtest_death_test_style = "threadsafe";

+```

+

+You can do this in `main()` to set the style for all death tests in the

+binary, or in individual tests. Recall that flags are saved before running each

+test and restored afterwards, so you need not do that yourself. For example:

+

+```

+TEST(MyDeathTest, TestOne) {

+ ::testing::FLAGS_gtest_death_test_style = "threadsafe";

+ // This test is run in the "threadsafe" style:

+ ASSERT_DEATH(ThisShouldDie(), "");

+}

+

+TEST(MyDeathTest, TestTwo) {

+ // This test is run in the "fast" style:

+ ASSERT_DEATH(ThisShouldDie(), "");

+}

+

+int main(int argc, char** argv) {

+ ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);

+ ::testing::FLAGS_gtest_death_test_style = "fast";

+ return RUN_ALL_TESTS();

+}

+```

+

+## Caveats ##

+

+The _statement_ argument of `ASSERT_EXIT()` can be any valid C++ statement.

+If it leaves the current function via a `return` statement or by throwing an exception,

+the death test is considered to have failed. Some Google Test macros may return

+from the current function (e.g. `ASSERT_TRUE()`), so be sure to avoid them in _statement_.

+

+Since _statement_ runs in the child process, any in-memory side effect (e.g.

+modifying a variable, releasing memory, etc) it causes will _not_ be observable

+in the parent process. In particular, if you release memory in a death test,

+your program will fail the heap check as the parent process will never see the

+memory reclaimed. To solve this problem, you can

+

+ 1. try not to free memory in a death test;

+ 1. free the memory again in the parent process; or

+ 1. do not use the heap checker in your program.

+

+Due to an implementation detail, you cannot place multiple death test

+assertions on the same line; otherwise, compilation will fail with an unobvious

+error message.

+

+Despite the improved thread safety afforded by the "threadsafe" style of death

+test, thread problems such as deadlock are still possible in the presence of

+handlers registered with `pthread_atfork(3)`.

+

+# Using Assertions in Sub-routines #

+

+## Adding Traces to Assertions ##

+

+If a test sub-routine is called from several places, when an assertion

+inside it fails, it can be hard to tell which invocation of the

+sub-routine the failure is from. You can alleviate this problem using

+extra logging or custom failure messages, but that usually clutters up

+your tests. A better solution is to use the `SCOPED_TRACE` macro:

+

+| `SCOPED_TRACE(`_message_`);` |

+|:-----------------------------|

+

+where _message_ can be anything streamable to `std::ostream`. This

+macro will cause the current file name, line number, and the given

+message to be added in every failure message. The effect will be

+undone when the control leaves the current lexical scope.

+

+For example,

+

+```

+10: void Sub1(int n) {

+11: EXPECT_EQ(1, Bar(n));

+12: EXPECT_EQ(2, Bar(n + 1));

+13: }

+14:

+15: TEST(FooTest, Bar) {

+16: {

+17: SCOPED_TRACE("A"); // This trace point will be included in

+18: // every failure in this scope.

+19: Sub1(1);

+20: }

+21: // Now it won't.

+22: Sub1(9);

+23: }

+```

+

+could result in messages like these:

+

+```

+path/to/foo_test.cc:11: Failure

+Value of: Bar(n)

+Expected: 1

+ Actual: 2

+ Trace:

+path/to/foo_test.cc:17: A

+

+path/to/foo_test.cc:12: Failure

+Value of: Bar(n + 1)

+Expected: 2

+ Actual: 3

+```

+

+Without the trace, it would've been difficult to know which invocation

+of `Sub1()` the two failures come from respectively. (You could add an

+extra message to each assertion in `Sub1()` to indicate the value of

+`n`, but that's tedious.)

+

+Some tips on using `SCOPED_TRACE`:

+

+ 1. With a suitable message, it's often enough to use `SCOPED_TRACE` at the beginning of a sub-routine, instead of at each call site.

+ 1. When calling sub-routines inside a loop, make the loop iterator part of the message in `SCOPED_TRACE` such that you can know which iteration the failure is from.

+ 1. Sometimes the line number of the trace point is enough for identifying the particular invocation of a sub-routine. In this case, you don't have to choose a unique message for `SCOPED_TRACE`. You can simply use `""`.

+ 1. You can use `SCOPED_TRACE` in an inner scope when there is one in the outer scope. In this case, all active trace points will be included in the failure messages, in reverse order they are encountered.

+ 1. The trace dump is clickable in Emacs' compilation buffer - hit return on a line number and you'll be taken to that line in the source file!

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+## Propagating Fatal Failures ##

+

+A common pitfall when using `ASSERT_*` and `FAIL*` is not understanding that

+when they fail they only abort the _current function_, not the entire test. For

+example, the following test will segfault:

+```

+void Subroutine() {

+ // Generates a fatal failure and aborts the current function.

+ ASSERT_EQ(1, 2);

+ // The following won't be executed.

+ ...

+}

+

+TEST(FooTest, Bar) {

+ Subroutine();

+ // The intended behavior is for the fatal failure

+ // in Subroutine() to abort the entire test.

+ // The actual behavior: the function goes on after Subroutine() returns.

+ int* p = NULL;

+ *p = 3; // Segfault!

+}

+```

+

+Since we don't use exceptions, it is technically impossible to

+implement the intended behavior here. To alleviate this, Google Test

+provides two solutions. You could use either the

+`(ASSERT|EXPECT)_NO_FATAL_FAILURE` assertions or the

+`HasFatalFailure()` function. They are described in the following two

+subsections.

+

+### Asserting on Subroutines ###

+

+As shown above, if your test calls a subroutine that has an `ASSERT_*`

+failure in it, the test will continue after the subroutine

+returns. This may not be what you want.

+

+Often people want fatal failures to propagate like exceptions. For

+that Google Test offers the following macros:

+

+| **Fatal assertion** | **Nonfatal assertion** | **Verifies** |

+|:--------------------|:-----------------------|:-------------|

+| `ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(`_statement_`);` | `EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(`_statement_`);` | _statement_ doesn't generate any new fatal failures in the current thread. |

+

+Only failures in the thread that executes the assertion are checked to

+determine the result of this type of assertions. If _statement_

+creates new threads, failures in these threads are ignored.

+

+Examples:

+

+```

+ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(Foo());

+

+int i;

+EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE({

+ i = Bar();

+});

+```

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac. Assertions from multiple threads

+are currently not supported.

+

+### Checking for Failures in the Current Test ###

+

+`HasFatalFailure()` in the `::testing::Test` class returns `true` if an

+assertion in the current test has suffered a fatal failure. This

+allows functions to catch fatal failures in a sub-routine and return

+early.

+

+```

+class Test {

+ public:

+ ...

+ static bool HasFatalFailure();

+};

+```

+

+The typical usage, which basically simulates the behavior of a thrown

+exception, is:

+

+```

+TEST(FooTest, Bar) {

+ Subroutine();

+ // Aborts if Subroutine() had a fatal failure.

+ if (HasFatalFailure())

+ return;

+ // The following won't be executed.

+ ...

+}

+```

+

+If `HasFatalFailure()` is used outside of `TEST()` , `TEST_F()` , or a test

+fixture, you must add the `::testing::Test::` prefix, as in:

+

+```

+if (::testing::Test::HasFatalFailure())

+ return;

+```

+

+Similarly, `HasNonfatalFailure()` returns `true` if the current test

+has at least one non-fatal failure, and `HasFailure()` returns `true`

+if the current test has at least one failure of either kind.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac. `HasNonfatalFailure()` and

+`HasFailure()` are available since version 1.4.0.

+

+# Logging Additional Information #

+

+In your test code, you can call `RecordProperty("key", value)` to log

+additional information, where `value` can be either a string or an `int`. The _last_ value recorded for a key will be emitted to the XML output

+if you specify one. For example, the test

+

+```

+TEST_F(WidgetUsageTest, MinAndMaxWidgets) {

+ RecordProperty("MaximumWidgets", ComputeMaxUsage());

+ RecordProperty("MinimumWidgets", ComputeMinUsage());

+}

+```

+

+will output XML like this:

+

+```

+...

+ <testcase name="MinAndMaxWidgets" status="run" time="6" classname="WidgetUsageTest"

+ MaximumWidgets="12"

+ MinimumWidgets="9" />

+...

+```

+

+_Note_:

+ * `RecordProperty()` is a static member of the `Test` class. Therefore it needs to be prefixed with `::testing::Test::` if used outside of the `TEST` body and the test fixture class.

+ * `key` must be a valid XML attribute name, and cannot conflict with the ones already used by Google Test (`name`, `status`, `time`, `classname`, `type_param`, and `value_param`).

+ * Calling `RecordProperty()` outside of the lifespan of a test is allowed. If it's called outside of a test but between a test case's `SetUpTestCase()` and `TearDownTestCase()` methods, it will be attributed to the XML element for the test case. If it's called outside of all test cases (e.g. in a test environment), it will be attributed to the top-level XML element.

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+# Sharing Resources Between Tests in the Same Test Case #

+

+

+

+Google Test creates a new test fixture object for each test in order to make

+tests independent and easier to debug. However, sometimes tests use resources

+that are expensive to set up, making the one-copy-per-test model prohibitively

+expensive.

+

+If the tests don't change the resource, there's no harm in them sharing a

+single resource copy. So, in addition to per-test set-up/tear-down, Google Test

+also supports per-test-case set-up/tear-down. To use it:

+

+ 1. In your test fixture class (say `FooTest` ), define as `static` some member variables to hold the shared resources.

+ 1. In the same test fixture class, define a `static void SetUpTestCase()` function (remember not to spell it as **`SetupTestCase`** with a small `u`!) to set up the shared resources and a `static void TearDownTestCase()` function to tear them down.

+

+That's it! Google Test automatically calls `SetUpTestCase()` before running the

+_first test_ in the `FooTest` test case (i.e. before creating the first

+`FooTest` object), and calls `TearDownTestCase()` after running the _last test_

+in it (i.e. after deleting the last `FooTest` object). In between, the tests

+can use the shared resources.

+

+Remember that the test order is undefined, so your code can't depend on a test

+preceding or following another. Also, the tests must either not modify the

+state of any shared resource, or, if they do modify the state, they must

+restore the state to its original value before passing control to the next

+test.

+

+Here's an example of per-test-case set-up and tear-down:

+```

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ protected:

+ // Per-test-case set-up.

+ // Called before the first test in this test case.

+ // Can be omitted if not needed.

+ static void SetUpTestCase() {

+ shared_resource_ = new ...;

+ }

+

+ // Per-test-case tear-down.

+ // Called after the last test in this test case.

+ // Can be omitted if not needed.

+ static void TearDownTestCase() {

+ delete shared_resource_;

+ shared_resource_ = NULL;

+ }

+

+ // You can define per-test set-up and tear-down logic as usual.

+ virtual void SetUp() { ... }

+ virtual void TearDown() { ... }

+

+ // Some expensive resource shared by all tests.

+ static T* shared_resource_;

+};

+

+T* FooTest::shared_resource_ = NULL;

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Test1) {

+ ... you can refer to shared_resource here ...

+}

+TEST_F(FooTest, Test2) {

+ ... you can refer to shared_resource here ...

+}

+```

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+# Global Set-Up and Tear-Down #

+

+Just as you can do set-up and tear-down at the test level and the test case

+level, you can also do it at the test program level. Here's how.

+

+First, you subclass the `::testing::Environment` class to define a test

+environment, which knows how to set-up and tear-down:

+

+```

+class Environment {

+ public:

+ virtual ~Environment() {}

+ // Override this to define how to set up the environment.

+ virtual void SetUp() {}

+ // Override this to define how to tear down the environment.

+ virtual void TearDown() {}

+};

+```

+

+Then, you register an instance of your environment class with Google Test by

+calling the `::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` function:

+

+```

+Environment* AddGlobalTestEnvironment(Environment* env);

+```

+

+Now, when `RUN_ALL_TESTS()` is called, it first calls the `SetUp()` method of

+the environment object, then runs the tests if there was no fatal failures, and

+finally calls `TearDown()` of the environment object.

+

+It's OK to register multiple environment objects. In this case, their `SetUp()`

+will be called in the order they are registered, and their `TearDown()` will be

+called in the reverse order.

+

+Note that Google Test takes ownership of the registered environment objects.

+Therefore **do not delete them** by yourself.

+

+You should call `AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` before `RUN_ALL_TESTS()` is

+called, probably in `main()`. If you use `gtest_main`, you need to call

+this before `main()` starts for it to take effect. One way to do this is to

+define a global variable like this:

+

+```

+::testing::Environment* const foo_env = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new FooEnvironment);

+```

+

+However, we strongly recommend you to write your own `main()` and call

+`AddGlobalTestEnvironment()` there, as relying on initialization of global

+variables makes the code harder to read and may cause problems when you

+register multiple environments from different translation units and the

+environments have dependencies among them (remember that the compiler doesn't

+guarantee the order in which global variables from different translation units

+are initialized).

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+

+# Value Parameterized Tests #

+

+_Value-parameterized tests_ allow you to test your code with different

+parameters without writing multiple copies of the same test.

+

+Suppose you write a test for your code and then realize that your code is affected by a presence of a Boolean command line flag.

+

+```

+TEST(MyCodeTest, TestFoo) {

+ // A code to test foo().

+}

+```

+

+Usually people factor their test code into a function with a Boolean parameter in such situations. The function sets the flag, then executes the testing code.

+

+```

+void TestFooHelper(bool flag_value) {

+ flag = flag_value;

+ // A code to test foo().

+}

+

+TEST(MyCodeTest, TestFoo) {

+ TestFooHelper(false);

+ TestFooHelper(true);

+}

+```

+

+But this setup has serious drawbacks. First, when a test assertion fails in your tests, it becomes unclear what value of the parameter caused it to fail. You can stream a clarifying message into your `EXPECT`/`ASSERT` statements, but it you'll have to do it with all of them. Second, you have to add one such helper function per test. What if you have ten tests? Twenty? A hundred?

+

+Value-parameterized tests will let you write your test only once and then easily instantiate and run it with an arbitrary number of parameter values.

+

+Here are some other situations when value-parameterized tests come handy:

+

+ * You want to test different implementations of an OO interface.

+ * You want to test your code over various inputs (a.k.a. data-driven testing). This feature is easy to abuse, so please exercise your good sense when doing it!

+

+## How to Write Value-Parameterized Tests ##

+

+To write value-parameterized tests, first you should define a fixture

+class. It must be derived from both `::testing::Test` and

+`::testing::WithParamInterface<T>` (the latter is a pure interface),

+where `T` is the type of your parameter values. For convenience, you

+can just derive the fixture class from `::testing::TestWithParam<T>`,

+which itself is derived from both `::testing::Test` and

+`::testing::WithParamInterface<T>`. `T` can be any copyable type. If

+it's a raw pointer, you are responsible for managing the lifespan of

+the pointed values.

+

+```

+class FooTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<const char*> {

+ // You can implement all the usual fixture class members here.

+ // To access the test parameter, call GetParam() from class

+ // TestWithParam<T>.

+};

+

+// Or, when you want to add parameters to a pre-existing fixture class:

+class BaseTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ ...

+};

+class BarTest : public BaseTest,

+ public ::testing::WithParamInterface<const char*> {

+ ...

+};

+```

+

+Then, use the `TEST_P` macro to define as many test patterns using

+this fixture as you want. The `_P` suffix is for "parameterized" or

+"pattern", whichever you prefer to think.

+

+```

+TEST_P(FooTest, DoesBlah) {

+ // Inside a test, access the test parameter with the GetParam() method

+ // of the TestWithParam<T> class:

+ EXPECT_TRUE(foo.Blah(GetParam()));

+ ...

+}

+

+TEST_P(FooTest, HasBlahBlah) {

+ ...

+}

+```

+

+Finally, you can use `INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P` to instantiate the test

+case with any set of parameters you want. Google Test defines a number of

+functions for generating test parameters. They return what we call

+(surprise!) _parameter generators_. Here is a summary of them,

+which are all in the `testing` namespace:

+

+| `Range(begin, end[, step])` | Yields values `{begin, begin+step, begin+step+step, ...}`. The values do not include `end`. `step` defaults to 1. |

+|:----------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

+| `Values(v1, v2, ..., vN)` | Yields values `{v1, v2, ..., vN}`. |

+| `ValuesIn(container)` and `ValuesIn(begin, end)` | Yields values from a C-style array, an STL-style container, or an iterator range `[begin, end)`. `container`, `begin`, and `end` can be expressions whose values are determined at run time. |

+| `Bool()` | Yields sequence `{false, true}`. |

+| `Combine(g1, g2, ..., gN)` | Yields all combinations (the Cartesian product for the math savvy) of the values generated by the `N` generators. This is only available if your system provides the `<tr1/tuple>` header. If you are sure your system does, and Google Test disagrees, you can override it by defining `GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE=1`. See comments in [include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h](../include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h) for more information. |

+

+For more details, see the comments at the definitions of these functions in the [source code](../include/gtest/gtest-param-test.h).

+

+The following statement will instantiate tests from the `FooTest` test case

+each with parameter values `"meeny"`, `"miny"`, and `"moe"`.

+

+```

+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(InstantiationName,

+ FooTest,

+ ::testing::Values("meeny", "miny", "moe"));

+```

+

+To distinguish different instances of the pattern (yes, you can

+instantiate it more than once), the first argument to

+`INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P` is a prefix that will be added to the actual

+test case name. Remember to pick unique prefixes for different

+instantiations. The tests from the instantiation above will have these

+names:

+

+ * `InstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/0` for `"meeny"`

+ * `InstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/1` for `"miny"`

+ * `InstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/2` for `"moe"`

+ * `InstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/0` for `"meeny"`

+ * `InstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/1` for `"miny"`

+ * `InstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/2` for `"moe"`

+

+You can use these names in [--gtest\_filter](#running-a-subset-of-the-tests).

+

+This statement will instantiate all tests from `FooTest` again, each

+with parameter values `"cat"` and `"dog"`:

+

+```

+const char* pets[] = {"cat", "dog"};

+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(AnotherInstantiationName, FooTest,

+ ::testing::ValuesIn(pets));

+```

+

+The tests from the instantiation above will have these names:

+

+ * `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/0` for `"cat"`

+ * `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.DoesBlah/1` for `"dog"`

+ * `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/0` for `"cat"`

+ * `AnotherInstantiationName/FooTest.HasBlahBlah/1` for `"dog"`

+

+Please note that `INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P` will instantiate _all_

+tests in the given test case, whether their definitions come before or

+_after_ the `INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P` statement.

+

+You can see

+[these](../samples/sample7_unittest.cc)

+[files](../samples/sample8_unittest.cc) for more examples.

+

+_Availability_: Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Mac; since version 1.2.0.

+

+## Creating Value-Parameterized Abstract Tests ##

+

+In the above, we define and instantiate `FooTest` in the same source

+file. Sometimes you may want to define value-parameterized tests in a

+library and let other people instantiate them later. This pattern is

+known as <i>abstract tests</i>. As an example of its application, when you

+are designing an interface you can write a standard suite of abstract

+tests (perhaps using a factory function as the test parameter) that

+all implementations of the interface are expected to pass. When

+someone implements the interface, he can instantiate your suite to get

+all the interface-conformance tests for free.

+

+To define abstract tests, you should organize your code like this:

+

+ 1. Put the definition of the parameterized test fixture class (e.g. `FooTest`) in a header file, say `foo_param_test.h`. Think of this as _declaring_ your abstract tests.

+ 1. Put the `TEST_P` definitions in `foo_param_test.cc`, which includes `foo_param_test.h`. Think of this as _implementing_ your abstract tests.

+

+Once they are defined, you can instantiate them by including

+`foo_param_test.h`, invoking `INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P()`, and linking

+with `foo_param_test.cc`. You can instantiate the same abstract test

+case multiple times, possibly in different source files.

+

+# Typed Tests #

+

+Suppose you have multiple implementations of the same interface and

+want to make sure that all of them satisfy some common requirements.

+Or, you may have defined several types that are supposed to conform to

+the same "concept" and you want to verify it. In both cases, you want

+the same test logic repeated for different types.

+

+While you can write one `TEST` or `TEST_F` for each type you want to

+test (and you may even factor the test logic into a function template

+that you invoke from the `TEST`), it's tedious and doesn't scale:

+if you want _m_ tests over _n_ types, you'll end up writing _m\*n_

+`TEST`s.

+

+_Typed tests_ allow you to repeat the same test logic over a list of

+types. You only need to write the test logic once, although you must

+know the type list when writing typed tests. Here's how you do it:

+

+First, define a fixture class template. It should be parameterized

+by a type. Remember to derive it from `::testing::Test`:

+

+```

+template <typename T>

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ public:

+ ...

+ typedef std::list<T> List;

+ static T shared_;

+ T value_;

+};

+```

+

+Next, associate a list of types with the test case, which will be

+repeated for each type in the list:

+

+```

+typedef ::testing::Types<char, int, unsigned int> MyTypes;

+TYPED_TEST_CASE(FooTest, MyTypes);

+```

+

+The `typedef` is necessary for the `TYPED_TEST_CASE` macro to parse

+correctly. Otherwise the compiler will think that each comma in the

+type list introduces a new macro argument.

+

+Then, use `TYPED_TEST()` instead of `TEST_F()` to define a typed test

+for this test case. You can repeat this as many times as you want:

+

+```

+TYPED_TEST(FooTest, DoesBlah) {

+ // Inside a test, refer to the special name TypeParam to get the type

+ // parameter. Since we are inside a derived class template, C++ requires

+ // us to visit the members of FooTest via 'this'.

+ TypeParam n = this->value_;

+

+ // To visit static members of the fixture, add the 'TestFixture::'

+ // prefix.

+ n += TestFixture::shared_;

+

+ // To refer to typedefs in the fixture, add the 'typename TestFixture::'

+ // prefix. The 'typename' is required to satisfy the compiler.

+ typename TestFixture::List values;

+ values.push_back(n);

+ ...

+}

+

+TYPED_TEST(FooTest, HasPropertyA) { ... }

+```

+

+You can see `samples/sample6_unittest.cc` for a complete example.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Mac;

+since version 1.1.0.

+

+# Type-Parameterized Tests #

+

+_Type-parameterized tests_ are like typed tests, except that they

+don't require you to know the list of types ahead of time. Instead,

+you can define the test logic first and instantiate it with different

+type lists later. You can even instantiate it more than once in the

+same program.

+

+If you are designing an interface or concept, you can define a suite

+of type-parameterized tests to verify properties that any valid

+implementation of the interface/concept should have. Then, the author

+of each implementation can just instantiate the test suite with his

+type to verify that it conforms to the requirements, without having to

+write similar tests repeatedly. Here's an example:

+

+First, define a fixture class template, as we did with typed tests:

+

+```

+template <typename T>

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ ...

+};

+```

+

+Next, declare that you will define a type-parameterized test case:

+

+```

+TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(FooTest);

+```

+

+The `_P` suffix is for "parameterized" or "pattern", whichever you

+prefer to think.

+

+Then, use `TYPED_TEST_P()` to define a type-parameterized test. You

+can repeat this as many times as you want:

+

+```

+TYPED_TEST_P(FooTest, DoesBlah) {

+ // Inside a test, refer to TypeParam to get the type parameter.

+ TypeParam n = 0;

+ ...

+}

+

+TYPED_TEST_P(FooTest, HasPropertyA) { ... }

+```

+

+Now the tricky part: you need to register all test patterns using the

+`REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P` macro before you can instantiate them.

+The first argument of the macro is the test case name; the rest are

+the names of the tests in this test case:

+

+```

+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(FooTest,

+ DoesBlah, HasPropertyA);

+```

+

+Finally, you are free to instantiate the pattern with the types you

+want. If you put the above code in a header file, you can `#include`

+it in multiple C++ source files and instantiate it multiple times.

+

+```

+typedef ::testing::Types<char, int, unsigned int> MyTypes;

+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(My, FooTest, MyTypes);

+```

+

+To distinguish different instances of the pattern, the first argument

+to the `INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P` macro is a prefix that will be

+added to the actual test case name. Remember to pick unique prefixes

+for different instances.

+

+In the special case where the type list contains only one type, you

+can write that type directly without `::testing::Types<...>`, like this:

+

+```

+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(My, FooTest, int);

+```

+

+You can see `samples/sample6_unittest.cc` for a complete example.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows (requires MSVC 8.0 or above), Mac;

+since version 1.1.0.

+

+# Testing Private Code #

+

+If you change your software's internal implementation, your tests should not

+break as long as the change is not observable by users. Therefore, per the

+_black-box testing principle_, most of the time you should test your code

+through its public interfaces.

+

+If you still find yourself needing to test internal implementation code,

+consider if there's a better design that wouldn't require you to do so. If you

+absolutely have to test non-public interface code though, you can. There are

+two cases to consider:

+

+ * Static functions (_not_ the same as static member functions!) or unnamed namespaces, and

+ * Private or protected class members

+

+## Static Functions ##

+

+Both static functions and definitions/declarations in an unnamed namespace are

+only visible within the same translation unit. To test them, you can `#include`

+the entire `.cc` file being tested in your `*_test.cc` file. (`#include`ing `.cc`

+files is not a good way to reuse code - you should not do this in production

+code!)

+

+However, a better approach is to move the private code into the

+`foo::internal` namespace, where `foo` is the namespace your project normally

+uses, and put the private declarations in a `*-internal.h` file. Your

+production `.cc` files and your tests are allowed to include this internal

+header, but your clients are not. This way, you can fully test your internal

+implementation without leaking it to your clients.

+

+## Private Class Members ##

+

+Private class members are only accessible from within the class or by friends.

+To access a class' private members, you can declare your test fixture as a

+friend to the class and define accessors in your fixture. Tests using the

+fixture can then access the private members of your production class via the

+accessors in the fixture. Note that even though your fixture is a friend to

+your production class, your tests are not automatically friends to it, as they

+are technically defined in sub-classes of the fixture.

+

+Another way to test private members is to refactor them into an implementation

+class, which is then declared in a `*-internal.h` file. Your clients aren't

+allowed to include this header but your tests can. Such is called the Pimpl

+(Private Implementation) idiom.

+

+Or, you can declare an individual test as a friend of your class by adding this

+line in the class body:

+

+```

+FRIEND_TEST(TestCaseName, TestName);

+```

+

+For example,

+```

+// foo.h

+#include "gtest/gtest_prod.h"

+

+// Defines FRIEND_TEST.

+class Foo {

+ ...

+ private:

+ FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, BarReturnsZeroOnNull);

+ int Bar(void* x);

+};

+

+// foo_test.cc

+...

+TEST(FooTest, BarReturnsZeroOnNull) {

+ Foo foo;

+ EXPECT_EQ(0, foo.Bar(NULL));

+ // Uses Foo's private member Bar().

+}

+```

+

+Pay special attention when your class is defined in a namespace, as you should

+define your test fixtures and tests in the same namespace if you want them to

+be friends of your class. For example, if the code to be tested looks like:

+

+```

+namespace my_namespace {

+

+class Foo {

+ friend class FooTest;

+ FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, Bar);

+ FRIEND_TEST(FooTest, Baz);

+ ...

+ definition of the class Foo

+ ...

+};

+

+} // namespace my_namespace

+```

+

+Your test code should be something like:

+

+```

+namespace my_namespace {

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ protected:

+ ...

+};

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Bar) { ... }

+TEST_F(FooTest, Baz) { ... }

+

+} // namespace my_namespace

+```

+

+# Catching Failures #

+

+If you are building a testing utility on top of Google Test, you'll

+want to test your utility. What framework would you use to test it?

+Google Test, of course.

+

+The challenge is to verify that your testing utility reports failures

+correctly. In frameworks that report a failure by throwing an

+exception, you could catch the exception and assert on it. But Google

+Test doesn't use exceptions, so how do we test that a piece of code

+generates an expected failure?

+

+`"gtest/gtest-spi.h"` contains some constructs to do this. After

+`#include`ing this header, you can use

+

+| `EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(`_statement, substring_`);` |

+|:--------------------------------------------------|

+

+to assert that _statement_ generates a fatal (e.g. `ASSERT_*`) failure

+whose message contains the given _substring_, or use

+

+| `EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(`_statement, substring_`);` |

+|:-----------------------------------------------------|

+

+if you are expecting a non-fatal (e.g. `EXPECT_*`) failure.

+

+For technical reasons, there are some caveats:

+

+ 1. You cannot stream a failure message to either macro.

+ 1. _statement_ in `EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE()` cannot reference local non-static variables or non-static members of `this` object.

+ 1. _statement_ in `EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE()` cannot return a value.

+

+_Note:_ Google Test is designed with threads in mind. Once the

+synchronization primitives in `"gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"` have

+been implemented, Google Test will become thread-safe, meaning that

+you can then use assertions in multiple threads concurrently. Before

+that, however, Google Test only supports single-threaded usage. Once

+thread-safe, `EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE()` and `EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE()`

+will capture failures in the current thread only. If _statement_

+creates new threads, failures in these threads will be ignored. If

+you want to capture failures from all threads instead, you should use

+the following macros:

+

+| `EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(`_statement, substring_`);` |

+|:-----------------------------------------------------------------|

+| `EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(`_statement, substring_`);` |

+

+# Getting the Current Test's Name #

+

+Sometimes a function may need to know the name of the currently running test.

+For example, you may be using the `SetUp()` method of your test fixture to set

+the golden file name based on which test is running. The `::testing::TestInfo`

+class has this information:

+

+```

+namespace testing {

+

+class TestInfo {

+ public:

+ // Returns the test case name and the test name, respectively.

+ //

+ // Do NOT delete or free the return value - it's managed by the

+ // TestInfo class.

+ const char* test_case_name() const;

+ const char* name() const;

+};

+

+} // namespace testing

+```

+

+

+> To obtain a `TestInfo` object for the currently running test, call

+`current_test_info()` on the `UnitTest` singleton object:

+

+```

+// Gets information about the currently running test.

+// Do NOT delete the returned object - it's managed by the UnitTest class.

+const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =

+ ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();

+printf("We are in test %s of test case %s.\n",

+ test_info->name(), test_info->test_case_name());

+```

+

+`current_test_info()` returns a null pointer if no test is running. In

+particular, you cannot find the test case name in `TestCaseSetUp()`,

+`TestCaseTearDown()` (where you know the test case name implicitly), or

+functions called from them.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+# Extending Google Test by Handling Test Events #

+

+Google Test provides an <b>event listener API</b> to let you receive

+notifications about the progress of a test program and test

+failures. The events you can listen to include the start and end of

+the test program, a test case, or a test method, among others. You may

+use this API to augment or replace the standard console output,

+replace the XML output, or provide a completely different form of

+output, such as a GUI or a database. You can also use test events as

+checkpoints to implement a resource leak checker, for example.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac; since v1.4.0.

+

+## Defining Event Listeners ##

+

+To define a event listener, you subclass either

+[testing::TestEventListener](../include/gtest/gtest.h#L991)

+or [testing::EmptyTestEventListener](../include/gtest/gtest.h#L1044).

+The former is an (abstract) interface, where <i>each pure virtual method<br>

+can be overridden to handle a test event</i> (For example, when a test

+starts, the `OnTestStart()` method will be called.). The latter provides

+an empty implementation of all methods in the interface, such that a

+subclass only needs to override the methods it cares about.

+

+When an event is fired, its context is passed to the handler function

+as an argument. The following argument types are used:

+ * [UnitTest](../include/gtest/gtest.h#L1151) reflects the state of the entire test program,

+ * [TestCase](../include/gtest/gtest.h#L778) has information about a test case, which can contain one or more tests,

+ * [TestInfo](../include/gtest/gtest.h#L644) contains the state of a test, and

+ * [TestPartResult](../include/gtest/gtest-test-part.h#L47) represents the result of a test assertion.

+

+An event handler function can examine the argument it receives to find

+out interesting information about the event and the test program's

+state. Here's an example:

+

+```

+ class MinimalistPrinter : public ::testing::EmptyTestEventListener {

+ // Called before a test starts.

+ virtual void OnTestStart(const ::testing::TestInfo& test_info) {

+ printf("*** Test %s.%s starting.\n",

+ test_info.test_case_name(), test_info.name());

+ }

+

+ // Called after a failed assertion or a SUCCEED() invocation.

+ virtual void OnTestPartResult(

+ const ::testing::TestPartResult& test_part_result) {

+ printf("%s in %s:%d\n%s\n",

+ test_part_result.failed() ? "*** Failure" : "Success",

+ test_part_result.file_name(),

+ test_part_result.line_number(),

+ test_part_result.summary());

+ }

+

+ // Called after a test ends.

+ virtual void OnTestEnd(const ::testing::TestInfo& test_info) {

+ printf("*** Test %s.%s ending.\n",

+ test_info.test_case_name(), test_info.name());

+ }

+ };

+```

+

+## Using Event Listeners ##

+

+To use the event listener you have defined, add an instance of it to

+the Google Test event listener list (represented by class

+[TestEventListeners](../include/gtest/gtest.h#L1064)

+- note the "s" at the end of the name) in your

+`main()` function, before calling `RUN_ALL_TESTS()`:

+```

+int main(int argc, char** argv) {

+ ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);

+ // Gets hold of the event listener list.

+ ::testing::TestEventListeners& listeners =

+ ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->listeners();

+ // Adds a listener to the end. Google Test takes the ownership.

+ listeners.Append(new MinimalistPrinter);

+ return RUN_ALL_TESTS();

+}

+```

+

+There's only one problem: the default test result printer is still in

+effect, so its output will mingle with the output from your minimalist

+printer. To suppress the default printer, just release it from the

+event listener list and delete it. You can do so by adding one line:

+```

+ ...

+ delete listeners.Release(listeners.default_result_printer());

+ listeners.Append(new MinimalistPrinter);

+ return RUN_ALL_TESTS();

+```

+

+Now, sit back and enjoy a completely different output from your

+tests. For more details, you can read this

+[sample](../samples/sample9_unittest.cc).

+

+You may append more than one listener to the list. When an `On*Start()`

+or `OnTestPartResult()` event is fired, the listeners will receive it in

+the order they appear in the list (since new listeners are added to

+the end of the list, the default text printer and the default XML

+generator will receive the event first). An `On*End()` event will be

+received by the listeners in the _reverse_ order. This allows output by

+listeners added later to be framed by output from listeners added

+earlier.

+

+## Generating Failures in Listeners ##

+

+You may use failure-raising macros (`EXPECT_*()`, `ASSERT_*()`,

+`FAIL()`, etc) when processing an event. There are some restrictions:

+

+ 1. You cannot generate any failure in `OnTestPartResult()` (otherwise it will cause `OnTestPartResult()` to be called recursively).

+ 1. A listener that handles `OnTestPartResult()` is not allowed to generate any failure.

+

+When you add listeners to the listener list, you should put listeners

+that handle `OnTestPartResult()` _before_ listeners that can generate

+failures. This ensures that failures generated by the latter are

+attributed to the right test by the former.

+

+We have a sample of failure-raising listener

+[here](../samples/sample10_unittest.cc).

+

+# Running Test Programs: Advanced Options #

+

+Google Test test programs are ordinary executables. Once built, you can run

+them directly and affect their behavior via the following environment variables

+and/or command line flags. For the flags to work, your programs must call

+`::testing::InitGoogleTest()` before calling `RUN_ALL_TESTS()`.

+

+To see a list of supported flags and their usage, please run your test

+program with the `--help` flag. You can also use `-h`, `-?`, or `/?`

+for short. This feature is added in version 1.3.0.

+

+If an option is specified both by an environment variable and by a

+flag, the latter takes precedence. Most of the options can also be

+set/read in code: to access the value of command line flag

+`--gtest_foo`, write `::testing::GTEST_FLAG(foo)`. A common pattern is

+to set the value of a flag before calling `::testing::InitGoogleTest()`

+to change the default value of the flag:

+```

+int main(int argc, char** argv) {

+ // Disables elapsed time by default.

+ ::testing::GTEST_FLAG(print_time) = false;

+

+ // This allows the user to override the flag on the command line.

+ ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);

+

+ return RUN_ALL_TESTS();

+}

+```

+

+## Selecting Tests ##

+

+This section shows various options for choosing which tests to run.

+

+### Listing Test Names ###

+

+Sometimes it is necessary to list the available tests in a program before

+running them so that a filter may be applied if needed. Including the flag

+`--gtest_list_tests` overrides all other flags and lists tests in the following

+format:

+```

+TestCase1.

+ TestName1

+ TestName2

+TestCase2.

+ TestName

+```

+

+None of the tests listed are actually run if the flag is provided. There is no

+corresponding environment variable for this flag.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+### Running a Subset of the Tests ###

+

+By default, a Google Test program runs all tests the user has defined.

+Sometimes, you want to run only a subset of the tests (e.g. for debugging or

+quickly verifying a change). If you set the `GTEST_FILTER` environment variable

+or the `--gtest_filter` flag to a filter string, Google Test will only run the

+tests whose full names (in the form of `TestCaseName.TestName`) match the

+filter.

+

+The format of a filter is a '`:`'-separated list of wildcard patterns (called

+the positive patterns) optionally followed by a '`-`' and another

+'`:`'-separated pattern list (called the negative patterns). A test matches the

+filter if and only if it matches any of the positive patterns but does not

+match any of the negative patterns.

+

+A pattern may contain `'*'` (matches any string) or `'?'` (matches any single

+character). For convenience, the filter `'*-NegativePatterns'` can be also

+written as `'-NegativePatterns'`.

+

+For example:

+

+ * `./foo_test` Has no flag, and thus runs all its tests.

+ * `./foo_test --gtest_filter=*` Also runs everything, due to the single match-everything `*` value.

+ * `./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.*` Runs everything in test case `FooTest`.

+ * `./foo_test --gtest_filter=*Null*:*Constructor*` Runs any test whose full name contains either `"Null"` or `"Constructor"`.

+ * `./foo_test --gtest_filter=-*DeathTest.*` Runs all non-death tests.

+ * `./foo_test --gtest_filter=FooTest.*-FooTest.Bar` Runs everything in test case `FooTest` except `FooTest.Bar`.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+### Temporarily Disabling Tests ###

+

+If you have a broken test that you cannot fix right away, you can add the

+`DISABLED_` prefix to its name. This will exclude it from execution. This is

+better than commenting out the code or using `#if 0`, as disabled tests are

+still compiled (and thus won't rot).

+

+If you need to disable all tests in a test case, you can either add `DISABLED_`

+to the front of the name of each test, or alternatively add it to the front of

+the test case name.

+

+For example, the following tests won't be run by Google Test, even though they

+will still be compiled:

+

+```

+// Tests that Foo does Abc.

+TEST(FooTest, DISABLED_DoesAbc) { ... }

+

+class DISABLED_BarTest : public ::testing::Test { ... };

+

+// Tests that Bar does Xyz.

+TEST_F(DISABLED_BarTest, DoesXyz) { ... }

+```

+

+_Note:_ This feature should only be used for temporary pain-relief. You still

+have to fix the disabled tests at a later date. As a reminder, Google Test will

+print a banner warning you if a test program contains any disabled tests.

+

+_Tip:_ You can easily count the number of disabled tests you have

+using `grep`. This number can be used as a metric for improving your

+test quality.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+### Temporarily Enabling Disabled Tests ###

+

+To include [disabled tests](#temporarily-disabling-tests) in test

+execution, just invoke the test program with the

+`--gtest_also_run_disabled_tests` flag or set the

+`GTEST_ALSO_RUN_DISABLED_TESTS` environment variable to a value other

+than `0`. You can combine this with the

+[--gtest\_filter](#running-a-subset-of-the-tests) flag to further select

+which disabled tests to run.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac; since version 1.3.0.

+

+## Repeating the Tests ##

+

+Once in a while you'll run into a test whose result is hit-or-miss. Perhaps it

+will fail only 1% of the time, making it rather hard to reproduce the bug under

+a debugger. This can be a major source of frustration.

+

+The `--gtest_repeat` flag allows you to repeat all (or selected) test methods

+in a program many times. Hopefully, a flaky test will eventually fail and give

+you a chance to debug. Here's how to use it:

+

+| `$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=1000` | Repeat foo\_test 1000 times and don't stop at failures. |

+|:---------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------|

+| `$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=-1` | A negative count means repeating forever. |

+| `$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=1000 --gtest_break_on_failure` | Repeat foo\_test 1000 times, stopping at the first failure. This is especially useful when running under a debugger: when the testfails, it will drop into the debugger and you can then inspect variables and stacks. |

+| `$ foo_test --gtest_repeat=1000 --gtest_filter=FooBar` | Repeat the tests whose name matches the filter 1000 times. |

+

+If your test program contains global set-up/tear-down code registered

+using `AddGlobalTestEnvironment()`, it will be repeated in each

+iteration as well, as the flakiness may be in it. You can also specify

+the repeat count by setting the `GTEST_REPEAT` environment variable.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+## Shuffling the Tests ##

+

+You can specify the `--gtest_shuffle` flag (or set the `GTEST_SHUFFLE`

+environment variable to `1`) to run the tests in a program in a random

+order. This helps to reveal bad dependencies between tests.

+

+By default, Google Test uses a random seed calculated from the current

+time. Therefore you'll get a different order every time. The console

+output includes the random seed value, such that you can reproduce an

+order-related test failure later. To specify the random seed

+explicitly, use the `--gtest_random_seed=SEED` flag (or set the

+`GTEST_RANDOM_SEED` environment variable), where `SEED` is an integer

+between 0 and 99999. The seed value 0 is special: it tells Google Test

+to do the default behavior of calculating the seed from the current

+time.

+

+If you combine this with `--gtest_repeat=N`, Google Test will pick a

+different random seed and re-shuffle the tests in each iteration.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac; since v1.4.0.

+

+## Controlling Test Output ##

+

+This section teaches how to tweak the way test results are reported.

+

+### Colored Terminal Output ###

+

+Google Test can use colors in its terminal output to make it easier to spot

+the separation between tests, and whether tests passed.

+

+You can set the GTEST\_COLOR environment variable or set the `--gtest_color`

+command line flag to `yes`, `no`, or `auto` (the default) to enable colors,

+disable colors, or let Google Test decide. When the value is `auto`, Google

+Test will use colors if and only if the output goes to a terminal and (on

+non-Windows platforms) the `TERM` environment variable is set to `xterm` or

+`xterm-color`.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+### Suppressing the Elapsed Time ###

+

+By default, Google Test prints the time it takes to run each test. To

+suppress that, run the test program with the `--gtest_print_time=0`

+command line flag. Setting the `GTEST_PRINT_TIME` environment

+variable to `0` has the same effect.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac. (In Google Test 1.3.0 and lower,

+the default behavior is that the elapsed time is **not** printed.)

+

+### Generating an XML Report ###

+

+Google Test can emit a detailed XML report to a file in addition to its normal

+textual output. The report contains the duration of each test, and thus can

+help you identify slow tests.

+

+To generate the XML report, set the `GTEST_OUTPUT` environment variable or the

+`--gtest_output` flag to the string `"xml:_path_to_output_file_"`, which will

+create the file at the given location. You can also just use the string

+`"xml"`, in which case the output can be found in the `test_detail.xml` file in

+the current directory.

+

+If you specify a directory (for example, `"xml:output/directory/"` on Linux or

+`"xml:output\directory\"` on Windows), Google Test will create the XML file in

+that directory, named after the test executable (e.g. `foo_test.xml` for test

+program `foo_test` or `foo_test.exe`). If the file already exists (perhaps left

+over from a previous run), Google Test will pick a different name (e.g.

+`foo_test_1.xml`) to avoid overwriting it.

+

+The report uses the format described here. It is based on the

+`junitreport` Ant task and can be parsed by popular continuous build

+systems like [Hudson](https://hudson.dev.java.net/). Since that format

+was originally intended for Java, a little interpretation is required

+to make it apply to Google Test tests, as shown here:

+

+```

+<testsuites name="AllTests" ...>

+ <testsuite name="test_case_name" ...>

+ <testcase name="test_name" ...>

+ <failure message="..."/>

+ <failure message="..."/>

+ <failure message="..."/>

+ </testcase>

+ </testsuite>

+</testsuites>

+```

+

+ * The root `<testsuites>` element corresponds to the entire test program.

+ * `<testsuite>` elements correspond to Google Test test cases.

+ * `<testcase>` elements correspond to Google Test test functions.

+

+For instance, the following program

+

+```

+TEST(MathTest, Addition) { ... }

+TEST(MathTest, Subtraction) { ... }

+TEST(LogicTest, NonContradiction) { ... }

+```

+

+could generate this report:

+

+```

+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

+<testsuites tests="3" failures="1" errors="0" time="35" name="AllTests">

+ <testsuite name="MathTest" tests="2" failures="1" errors="0" time="15">

+ <testcase name="Addition" status="run" time="7" classname="">

+ <failure message="Value of: add(1, 1)&#x0A; Actual: 3&#x0A;Expected: 2" type=""/>

+ <failure message="Value of: add(1, -1)&#x0A; Actual: 1&#x0A;Expected: 0" type=""/>

+ </testcase>

+ <testcase name="Subtraction" status="run" time="5" classname="">

+ </testcase>

+ </testsuite>

+ <testsuite name="LogicTest" tests="1" failures="0" errors="0" time="5">

+ <testcase name="NonContradiction" status="run" time="5" classname="">

+ </testcase>

+ </testsuite>

+</testsuites>

+```

+

+Things to note:

+

+ * The `tests` attribute of a `<testsuites>` or `<testsuite>` element tells how many test functions the Google Test program or test case contains, while the `failures` attribute tells how many of them failed.

+ * The `time` attribute expresses the duration of the test, test case, or entire test program in milliseconds.

+ * Each `<failure>` element corresponds to a single failed Google Test assertion.

+ * Some JUnit concepts don't apply to Google Test, yet we have to conform to the DTD. Therefore you'll see some dummy elements and attributes in the report. You can safely ignore these parts.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+## Controlling How Failures Are Reported ##

+

+### Turning Assertion Failures into Break-Points ###

+

+When running test programs under a debugger, it's very convenient if the

+debugger can catch an assertion failure and automatically drop into interactive

+mode. Google Test's _break-on-failure_ mode supports this behavior.

+

+To enable it, set the `GTEST_BREAK_ON_FAILURE` environment variable to a value

+other than `0` . Alternatively, you can use the `--gtest_break_on_failure`

+command line flag.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+### Disabling Catching Test-Thrown Exceptions ###

+

+Google Test can be used either with or without exceptions enabled. If

+a test throws a C++ exception or (on Windows) a structured exception

+(SEH), by default Google Test catches it, reports it as a test

+failure, and continues with the next test method. This maximizes the

+coverage of a test run. Also, on Windows an uncaught exception will

+cause a pop-up window, so catching the exceptions allows you to run

+the tests automatically.

+

+When debugging the test failures, however, you may instead want the

+exceptions to be handled by the debugger, such that you can examine

+the call stack when an exception is thrown. To achieve that, set the

+`GTEST_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS` environment variable to `0`, or use the

+`--gtest_catch_exceptions=0` flag when running the tests.

+

+**Availability**: Linux, Windows, Mac.

+

+### Letting Another Testing Framework Drive ###

+

+If you work on a project that has already been using another testing

+framework and is not ready to completely switch to Google Test yet,

+you can get much of Google Test's benefit by using its assertions in

+your existing tests. Just change your `main()` function to look

+like:

+

+```

+#include "gtest/gtest.h"

+

+int main(int argc, char** argv) {

+ ::testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = true;

+ // Important: Google Test must be initialized.

+ ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);

+

+ ... whatever your existing testing framework requires ...

+}

+```

+

+With that, you can use Google Test assertions in addition to the

+native assertions your testing framework provides, for example:

+

+```

+void TestFooDoesBar() {

+ Foo foo;

+ EXPECT_LE(foo.Bar(1), 100); // A Google Test assertion.

+ CPPUNIT_ASSERT(foo.IsEmpty()); // A native assertion.

+}

+```

+

+If a Google Test assertion fails, it will print an error message and

+throw an exception, which will be treated as a failure by your host

+testing framework. If you compile your code with exceptions disabled,

+a failed Google Test assertion will instead exit your program with a

+non-zero code, which will also signal a test failure to your test

+runner.

+

+If you don't write `::testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = true;` in

+your `main()`, you can alternatively enable this feature by specifying

+the `--gtest_throw_on_failure` flag on the command-line or setting the

+`GTEST_THROW_ON_FAILURE` environment variable to a non-zero value.

+

+Death tests are _not_ supported when other test framework is used to organize tests.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac; since v1.3.0.

+

+## Distributing Test Functions to Multiple Machines ##

+

+If you have more than one machine you can use to run a test program,

+you might want to run the test functions in parallel and get the

+result faster. We call this technique _sharding_, where each machine

+is called a _shard_.

+

+Google Test is compatible with test sharding. To take advantage of

+this feature, your test runner (not part of Google Test) needs to do

+the following:

+

+ 1. Allocate a number of machines (shards) to run the tests.

+ 1. On each shard, set the `GTEST_TOTAL_SHARDS` environment variable to the total number of shards. It must be the same for all shards.

+ 1. On each shard, set the `GTEST_SHARD_INDEX` environment variable to the index of the shard. Different shards must be assigned different indices, which must be in the range `[0, GTEST_TOTAL_SHARDS - 1]`.

+ 1. Run the same test program on all shards. When Google Test sees the above two environment variables, it will select a subset of the test functions to run. Across all shards, each test function in the program will be run exactly once.

+ 1. Wait for all shards to finish, then collect and report the results.

+

+Your project may have tests that were written without Google Test and

+thus don't understand this protocol. In order for your test runner to

+figure out which test supports sharding, it can set the environment

+variable `GTEST_SHARD_STATUS_FILE` to a non-existent file path. If a

+test program supports sharding, it will create this file to

+acknowledge the fact (the actual contents of the file are not

+important at this time; although we may stick some useful information

+in it in the future.); otherwise it will not create it.

+

+Here's an example to make it clear. Suppose you have a test program

+`foo_test` that contains the following 5 test functions:

+```

+TEST(A, V)

+TEST(A, W)

+TEST(B, X)

+TEST(B, Y)

+TEST(B, Z)

+```

+and you have 3 machines at your disposal. To run the test functions in

+parallel, you would set `GTEST_TOTAL_SHARDS` to 3 on all machines, and

+set `GTEST_SHARD_INDEX` to 0, 1, and 2 on the machines respectively.

+Then you would run the same `foo_test` on each machine.

+

+Google Test reserves the right to change how the work is distributed

+across the shards, but here's one possible scenario:

+

+ * Machine #0 runs `A.V` and `B.X`.

+ * Machine #1 runs `A.W` and `B.Y`.

+ * Machine #2 runs `B.Z`.

+

+_Availability:_ Linux, Windows, Mac; since version 1.3.0.

+

+# Fusing Google Test Source Files #

+

+Google Test's implementation consists of ~30 files (excluding its own

+tests). Sometimes you may want them to be packaged up in two files (a

+`.h` and a `.cc`) instead, such that you can easily copy them to a new

+machine and start hacking there. For this we provide an experimental

+Python script `fuse_gtest_files.py` in the `scripts/` directory (since release 1.3.0).

+Assuming you have Python 2.4 or above installed on your machine, just

+go to that directory and run

+```

+python fuse_gtest_files.py OUTPUT_DIR

+```

+

+and you should see an `OUTPUT_DIR` directory being created with files

+`gtest/gtest.h` and `gtest/gtest-all.cc` in it. These files contain

+everything you need to use Google Test. Just copy them to anywhere

+you want and you are ready to write tests. You can use the

+[scripts/test/Makefile](../scripts/test/Makefile)

+file as an example on how to compile your tests against them.

+

+# Where to Go from Here #

+

+Congratulations! You've now learned more advanced Google Test tools and are

+ready to tackle more complex testing tasks. If you want to dive even deeper, you

+can read the [Frequently-Asked Questions](FAQ.md).

+

+

+If you are interested in understanding the internals of Google Test,

+building from source, or contributing ideas or modifications to the

+project, then this document is for you.

+

+# Introduction #

+

+First, let's give you some background of the project.

+

+## Licensing ##

+

+All Google Test source and pre-built packages are provided under the [New BSD License](http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php).

+

+## The Google Test Community ##

+

+The Google Test community exists primarily through the [discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googletestframework) and the GitHub repository.

+You are definitely encouraged to contribute to the

+discussion and you can also help us to keep the effectiveness of the

+group high by following and promoting the guidelines listed here.

+

+### Please Be Friendly ###

+

+Showing courtesy and respect to others is a vital part of the Google

+culture, and we strongly encourage everyone participating in Google

+Test development to join us in accepting nothing less. Of course,

+being courteous is not the same as failing to constructively disagree

+with each other, but it does mean that we should be respectful of each

+other when enumerating the 42 technical reasons that a particular

+proposal may not be the best choice. There's never a reason to be

+antagonistic or dismissive toward anyone who is sincerely trying to

+contribute to a discussion.

+

+Sure, C++ testing is serious business and all that, but it's also

+a lot of fun. Let's keep it that way. Let's strive to be one of the

+friendliest communities in all of open source.

+

+As always, discuss Google Test in the official GoogleTest discussion group.

+You don't have to actually submit code in order to sign up. Your participation

+itself is a valuable contribution.

+

+# Working with the Code #

+

+If you want to get your hands dirty with the code inside Google Test,

+this is the section for you.

+

+## Compiling from Source ##

+

+Once you check out the code, you can find instructions on how to

+compile it in the [README](../README.md) file.

+

+## Testing ##

+

+A testing framework is of no good if itself is not thoroughly tested.

+Tests should be written for any new code, and changes should be

+verified to not break existing tests before they are submitted for

+review. To perform the tests, follow the instructions in

+[README](../README.md) and verify that there are no failures.

+

+# Contributing Code #

+

+We are excited that Google Test is now open source, and hope to get

+great patches from the community. Before you fire up your favorite IDE

+and begin hammering away at that new feature, though, please take the

+time to read this section and understand the process. While it seems

+rigorous, we want to keep a high standard of quality in the code

+base.

+

+## Contributor License Agreements ##

+

+You must sign a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) before we can

+accept any code. The CLA protects you and us.

+

+ * If you are an individual writing original source code and you're sure you own the intellectual property, then you'll need to sign an [individual CLA](http://code.google.com/legal/individual-cla-v1.0.html).

+ * If you work for a company that wants to allow you to contribute your work to Google Test, then you'll need to sign a [corporate CLA](http://code.google.com/legal/corporate-cla-v1.0.html).

+

+Follow either of the two links above to access the appropriate CLA and

+instructions for how to sign and return it.

+

+## Coding Style ##

+

+To keep the source consistent, readable, diffable and easy to merge,

+we use a fairly rigid coding style, as defined by the [google-styleguide](http://code.google.com/p/google-styleguide/) project. All patches will be expected

+to conform to the style outlined [here](http://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.xml).

+

+## Updating Generated Code ##

+

+Some of Google Test's source files are generated by the Pump tool (a

+Python script). If you need to update such files, please modify the

+source (`foo.h.pump`) and re-generate the C++ file using Pump. You

+can read the PumpManual for details.

+

+## Submitting Patches ##

+

+Please do submit code. Here's what you need to do:

+

+ 1. A submission should be a set of changes that addresses one issue in the [issue tracker](https://github.com/google/googletest/issues). Please don't mix more than one logical change per submittal, because it makes the history hard to follow. If you want to make a change that doesn't have a corresponding issue in the issue tracker, please create one.

+ 1. Also, coordinate with team members that are listed on the issue in question. This ensures that work isn't being duplicated and communicating your plan early also generally leads to better patches.

+ 1. Ensure that your code adheres to the [Google Test source code style](#Coding_Style.md).

+ 1. Ensure that there are unit tests for your code.

+ 1. Sign a Contributor License Agreement.

+ 1. Create a Pull Request in the usual way.

+

+## Google Test Committers ##

+

+The current members of the Google Test engineering team are the only

+committers at present. In the great tradition of eating one's own

+dogfood, we will be requiring each new Google Test engineering team

+member to earn the right to become a committer by following the

+procedures in this document, writing consistently great code, and

+demonstrating repeatedly that he or she truly gets the zen of Google

+Test.

+

+# Release Process #

+

+We follow a typical release process:

+

+ 1. A release branch named `release-X.Y` is created.

+ 1. Bugs are fixed and features are added in trunk; those individual patches are merged into the release branch until it's stable.

+ 1. An individual point release (the `Z` in `X.Y.Z`) is made by creating a tag from the branch.

+ 1. Repeat steps 2 and 3 throughout one release cycle (as determined by features or time).

+ 1. Go back to step 1 to create another release branch and so on.

+

+---

+

+This page is based on the [Making GWT Better](http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/makinggwtbetter.html) guide from the [Google Web Toolkit](http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/) project. Except as otherwise [noted](http://code.google.com/policies.html#restrictions), the content of this page is licensed under the [Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/).

+This page lists all documentation wiki pages for Google Test **(the SVN trunk version)**

+-- **if you use a released version of Google Test, please read the

+documentation for that specific version instead.**

+

+ * [Primer](Primer.md) -- start here if you are new to Google Test.

+ * [Samples](Samples.md) -- learn from examples.

+ * [AdvancedGuide](AdvancedGuide.md) -- learn more about Google Test.

+ * [XcodeGuide](XcodeGuide.md) -- how to use Google Test in Xcode on Mac.

+ * [Frequently-Asked Questions](FAQ.md) -- check here before asking a question on the mailing list.

+

+To contribute code to Google Test, read:

+

+ * [DevGuide](DevGuide.md) -- read this _before_ writing your first patch.

+ * [PumpManual](PumpManual.md) -- how we generate some of Google Test's source files. \ No newline at end of file

+

+

+If you cannot find the answer to your question here, and you have read

+[Primer](Primer.md) and [AdvancedGuide](AdvancedGuide.md), send it to

+googletestframework@googlegroups.com.

+

+## Why should I use Google Test instead of my favorite C++ testing framework? ##

+

+First, let us say clearly that we don't want to get into the debate of

+which C++ testing framework is **the best**. There exist many fine

+frameworks for writing C++ tests, and we have tremendous respect for

+the developers and users of them. We don't think there is (or will

+be) a single best framework - you have to pick the right tool for the

+particular task you are tackling.

+

+We created Google Test because we couldn't find the right combination

+of features and conveniences in an existing framework to satisfy _our_

+needs. The following is a list of things that _we_ like about Google

+Test. We don't claim them to be unique to Google Test - rather, the

+combination of them makes Google Test the choice for us. We hope this

+list can help you decide whether it is for you too.

+

+ * Google Test is designed to be portable: it doesn't require exceptions or RTTI; it works around various bugs in various compilers and environments; etc. As a result, it works on Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and several embedded operating systems.

+ * Nonfatal assertions (`EXPECT_*`) have proven to be great time savers, as they allow a test to report multiple failures in a single edit-compile-test cycle.

+ * It's easy to write assertions that generate informative messages: you just use the stream syntax to append any additional information, e.g. `ASSERT_EQ(5, Foo(i)) << " where i = " << i;`. It doesn't require a new set of macros or special functions.

+ * Google Test automatically detects your tests and doesn't require you to enumerate them in order to run them.

+ * Death tests are pretty handy for ensuring that your asserts in production code are triggered by the right conditions.

+ * `SCOPED_TRACE` helps you understand the context of an assertion failure when it comes from inside a sub-routine or loop.

+ * You can decide which tests to run using name patterns. This saves time when you want to quickly reproduce a test failure.

+ * Google Test can generate XML test result reports that can be parsed by popular continuous build system like Hudson.

+ * Simple things are easy in Google Test, while hard things are possible: in addition to advanced features like [global test environments](AdvancedGuide.md#global-set-up-and-tear-down) and tests parameterized by [values](AdvancedGuide.md#value-parameterized-tests) or [types](docs/AdvancedGuide.md#typed-tests), Google Test supports various ways for the user to extend the framework -- if Google Test doesn't do something out of the box, chances are that a user can implement the feature using Google Test's public API, without changing Google Test itself. In particular, you can:

+ * expand your testing vocabulary by defining [custom predicates](AdvancedGuide.md#predicate-assertions-for-better-error-messages),

+ * teach Google Test how to [print your types](AdvancedGuide.md#teaching-google-test-how-to-print-your-values),

+ * define your own testing macros or utilities and verify them using Google Test's [Service Provider Interface](AdvancedGuide.md#catching-failures), and

+ * reflect on the test cases or change the test output format by intercepting the [test events](AdvancedGuide.md#extending-google-test-by-handling-test-events).

+

+## I'm getting warnings when compiling Google Test. Would you fix them? ##

+

+We strive to minimize compiler warnings Google Test generates. Before releasing a new version, we test to make sure that it doesn't generate warnings when compiled using its CMake script on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS.

+

+Unfortunately, this doesn't mean you are guaranteed to see no warnings when compiling Google Test in your environment:

+

+ * You may be using a different compiler as we use, or a different version of the same compiler. We cannot possibly test for all compilers.

+ * You may be compiling on a different platform as we do.

+ * Your project may be using different compiler flags as we do.

+

+It is not always possible to make Google Test warning-free for everyone. Or, it may not be desirable if the warning is rarely enabled and fixing the violations makes the code more complex.

+

+If you see warnings when compiling Google Test, we suggest that you use the `-isystem` flag (assuming your are using GCC) to mark Google Test headers as system headers. That'll suppress warnings from Google Test headers.

+

+## Why should not test case names and test names contain underscore? ##

+

+Underscore (`_`) is special, as C++ reserves the following to be used by

+the compiler and the standard library:

+

+ 1. any identifier that starts with an `_` followed by an upper-case letter, and

+ 1. any identifier that containers two consecutive underscores (i.e. `__`) _anywhere_ in its name.

+

+User code is _prohibited_ from using such identifiers.

+

+Now let's look at what this means for `TEST` and `TEST_F`.

+

+Currently `TEST(TestCaseName, TestName)` generates a class named

+`TestCaseName_TestName_Test`. What happens if `TestCaseName` or `TestName`

+contains `_`?

+

+ 1. If `TestCaseName` starts with an `_` followed by an upper-case letter (say, `_Foo`), we end up with `_Foo_TestName_Test`, which is reserved and thus invalid.

+ 1. If `TestCaseName` ends with an `_` (say, `Foo_`), we get `Foo__TestName_Test`, which is invalid.

+ 1. If `TestName` starts with an `_` (say, `_Bar`), we get `TestCaseName__Bar_Test`, which is invalid.

+ 1. If `TestName` ends with an `_` (say, `Bar_`), we get `TestCaseName_Bar__Test`, which is invalid.

+

+So clearly `TestCaseName` and `TestName` cannot start or end with `_`

+(Actually, `TestCaseName` can start with `_` -- as long as the `_` isn't

+followed by an upper-case letter. But that's getting complicated. So

+for simplicity we just say that it cannot start with `_`.).

+

+It may seem fine for `TestCaseName` and `TestName` to contain `_` in the

+middle. However, consider this:

+``` cpp

+TEST(Time, Flies_Like_An_Arrow) { ... }

+TEST(Time_Flies, Like_An_Arrow) { ... }

+```

+

+Now, the two `TEST`s will both generate the same class

+(`Time_Files_Like_An_Arrow_Test`). That's not good.

+

+So for simplicity, we just ask the users to avoid `_` in `TestCaseName`

+and `TestName`. The rule is more constraining than necessary, but it's

+simple and easy to remember. It also gives Google Test some wiggle

+room in case its implementation needs to change in the future.

+

+If you violate the rule, there may not be immediately consequences,

+but your test may (just may) break with a new compiler (or a new

+version of the compiler you are using) or with a new version of Google

+Test. Therefore it's best to follow the rule.

+

+## Why is it not recommended to install a pre-compiled copy of Google Test (for example, into /usr/local)? ##

+

+In the early days, we said that you could install

+compiled Google Test libraries on `*`nix systems using `make install`.

+Then every user of your machine can write tests without

+recompiling Google Test.

+

+This seemed like a good idea, but it has a

+got-cha: every user needs to compile his tests using the _same_ compiler

+flags used to compile the installed Google Test libraries; otherwise

+he may run into undefined behaviors (i.e. the tests can behave

+strangely and may even crash for no obvious reasons).

+

+Why? Because C++ has this thing called the One-Definition Rule: if

+two C++ source files contain different definitions of the same

+class/function/variable, and you link them together, you violate the

+rule. The linker may or may not catch the error (in many cases it's

+not required by the C++ standard to catch the violation). If it

+doesn't, you get strange run-time behaviors that are unexpected and

+hard to debug.

+

+If you compile Google Test and your test code using different compiler

+flags, they may see different definitions of the same

+class/function/variable (e.g. due to the use of `#if` in Google Test).

+Therefore, for your sanity, we recommend to avoid installing pre-compiled

+Google Test libraries. Instead, each project should compile

+Google Test itself such that it can be sure that the same flags are

+used for both Google Test and the tests.

+

+## How do I generate 64-bit binaries on Windows (using Visual Studio 2008)? ##

+

+(Answered by Trevor Robinson)

+

+Load the supplied Visual Studio solution file, either `msvc\gtest-md.sln` or

+`msvc\gtest.sln`. Go through the migration wizard to migrate the

+solution and project files to Visual Studio 2008. Select

+`Configuration Manager...` from the `Build` menu. Select `<New...>` from

+the `Active solution platform` dropdown. Select `x64` from the new

+platform dropdown, leave `Copy settings from` set to `Win32` and

+`Create new project platforms` checked, then click `OK`. You now have

+`Win32` and `x64` platform configurations, selectable from the

+`Standard` toolbar, which allow you to toggle between building 32-bit or

+64-bit binaries (or both at once using Batch Build).

+

+In order to prevent build output files from overwriting one another,

+you'll need to change the `Intermediate Directory` settings for the

+newly created platform configuration across all the projects. To do

+this, multi-select (e.g. using shift-click) all projects (but not the

+solution) in the `Solution Explorer`. Right-click one of them and

+select `Properties`. In the left pane, select `Configuration Properties`,

+and from the `Configuration` dropdown, select `All Configurations`.

+Make sure the selected platform is `x64`. For the

+`Intermediate Directory` setting, change the value from

+`$(PlatformName)\$(ConfigurationName)` to

+`$(OutDir)\$(ProjectName)`. Click `OK` and then build the

+solution. When the build is complete, the 64-bit binaries will be in

+the `msvc\x64\Debug` directory.

+

+## Can I use Google Test on MinGW? ##

+

+We haven't tested this ourselves, but Per Abrahamsen reported that he

+was able to compile and install Google Test successfully when using

+MinGW from Cygwin. You'll need to configure it with:

+

+`PATH/TO/configure CC="gcc -mno-cygwin" CXX="g++ -mno-cygwin"`

+

+You should be able to replace the `-mno-cygwin` option with direct links

+to the real MinGW binaries, but we haven't tried that.

+

+Caveats:

+

+ * There are many warnings when compiling.

+ * `make check` will produce some errors as not all tests for Google Test itself are compatible with MinGW.

+

+We also have reports on successful cross compilation of Google Test

+MinGW binaries on Linux using

+[these instructions](http://wiki.wxwidgets.org/Cross-Compiling_Under_Linux#Cross-compiling_under_Linux_for_MS_Windows)

+on the WxWidgets site.

+

+Please contact `googletestframework@googlegroups.com` if you are

+interested in improving the support for MinGW.

+

+## Why does Google Test support EXPECT\_EQ(NULL, ptr) and ASSERT\_EQ(NULL, ptr) but not EXPECT\_NE(NULL, ptr) and ASSERT\_NE(NULL, ptr)? ##

+

+Due to some peculiarity of C++, it requires some non-trivial template

+meta programming tricks to support using `NULL` as an argument of the

+`EXPECT_XX()` and `ASSERT_XX()` macros. Therefore we only do it where

+it's most needed (otherwise we make the implementation of Google Test

+harder to maintain and more error-prone than necessary).

+

+The `EXPECT_EQ()` macro takes the _expected_ value as its first

+argument and the _actual_ value as the second. It's reasonable that

+someone wants to write `EXPECT_EQ(NULL, some_expression)`, and this

+indeed was requested several times. Therefore we implemented it.

+

+The need for `EXPECT_NE(NULL, ptr)` isn't nearly as strong. When the

+assertion fails, you already know that `ptr` must be `NULL`, so it

+doesn't add any information to print ptr in this case. That means

+`EXPECT_TRUE(ptr != NULL)` works just as well.

+

+If we were to support `EXPECT_NE(NULL, ptr)`, for consistency we'll

+have to support `EXPECT_NE(ptr, NULL)` as well, as unlike `EXPECT_EQ`,

+we don't have a convention on the order of the two arguments for

+`EXPECT_NE`. This means using the template meta programming tricks

+twice in the implementation, making it even harder to understand and

+maintain. We believe the benefit doesn't justify the cost.

+

+Finally, with the growth of Google Mock's [matcher](../../googlemock/docs/CookBook.md#using-matchers-in-google-test-assertions) library, we are

+encouraging people to use the unified `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)`

+syntax more often in tests. One significant advantage of the matcher

+approach is that matchers can be easily combined to form new matchers,

+while the `EXPECT_NE`, etc, macros cannot be easily

+combined. Therefore we want to invest more in the matchers than in the

+`EXPECT_XX()` macros.

+

+## Does Google Test support running tests in parallel? ##

+

+Test runners tend to be tightly coupled with the build/test

+environment, and Google Test doesn't try to solve the problem of

+running tests in parallel. Instead, we tried to make Google Test work

+nicely with test runners. For example, Google Test's XML report

+contains the time spent on each test, and its `gtest_list_tests` and

+`gtest_filter` flags can be used for splitting the execution of test

+methods into multiple processes. These functionalities can help the

+test runner run the tests in parallel.

+

+## Why don't Google Test run the tests in different threads to speed things up? ##

+

+It's difficult to write thread-safe code. Most tests are not written

+with thread-safety in mind, and thus may not work correctly in a

+multi-threaded setting.

+

+If you think about it, it's already hard to make your code work when

+you know what other threads are doing. It's much harder, and

+sometimes even impossible, to make your code work when you don't know

+what other threads are doing (remember that test methods can be added,

+deleted, or modified after your test was written). If you want to run

+the tests in parallel, you'd better run them in different processes.

+

+## Why aren't Google Test assertions implemented using exceptions? ##

+

+Our original motivation was to be able to use Google Test in projects

+that disable exceptions. Later we realized some additional benefits

+of this approach:

+

+ 1. Throwing in a destructor is undefined behavior in C++. Not using exceptions means Google Test's assertions are safe to use in destructors.

+ 1. The `EXPECT_*` family of macros will continue even after a failure, allowing multiple failures in a `TEST` to be reported in a single run. This is a popular feature, as in C++ the edit-compile-test cycle is usually quite long and being able to fixing more than one thing at a time is a blessing.

+ 1. If assertions are implemented using exceptions, a test may falsely ignore a failure if it's caught by user code:

+``` cpp

+try { ... ASSERT_TRUE(...) ... }

+catch (...) { ... }

+```

+The above code will pass even if the `ASSERT_TRUE` throws. While it's unlikely for someone to write this in a test, it's possible to run into this pattern when you write assertions in callbacks that are called by the code under test.

+

+The downside of not using exceptions is that `ASSERT_*` (implemented

+using `return`) will only abort the current function, not the current

+`TEST`.

+

+## Why do we use two different macros for tests with and without fixtures? ##

+

+Unfortunately, C++'s macro system doesn't allow us to use the same

+macro for both cases. One possibility is to provide only one macro

+for tests with fixtures, and require the user to define an empty

+fixture sometimes:

+

+``` cpp

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {};

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, DoesThis) { ... }

+```

+or

+``` cpp

+typedef ::testing::Test FooTest;

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, DoesThat) { ... }

+```

+

+Yet, many people think this is one line too many. :-) Our goal was to

+make it really easy to write tests, so we tried to make simple tests

+trivial to create. That means using a separate macro for such tests.

+

+We think neither approach is ideal, yet either of them is reasonable.

+In the end, it probably doesn't matter much either way.

+

+## Why don't we use structs as test fixtures? ##

+

+We like to use structs only when representing passive data. This

+distinction between structs and classes is good for documenting the

+intent of the code's author. Since test fixtures have logic like

+`SetUp()` and `TearDown()`, they are better defined as classes.

+

+## Why are death tests implemented as assertions instead of using a test runner? ##

+

+Our goal was to make death tests as convenient for a user as C++

+possibly allows. In particular:

+

+ * The runner-style requires to split the information into two pieces: the definition of the death test itself, and the specification for the runner on how to run the death test and what to expect. The death test would be written in C++, while the runner spec may or may not be. A user needs to carefully keep the two in sync. `ASSERT_DEATH(statement, expected_message)` specifies all necessary information in one place, in one language, without boilerplate code. It is very declarative.

+ * `ASSERT_DEATH` has a similar syntax and error-reporting semantics as other Google Test assertions, and thus is easy to learn.

+ * `ASSERT_DEATH` can be mixed with other assertions and other logic at your will. You are not limited to one death test per test method. For example, you can write something like:

+``` cpp

+ if (FooCondition()) {

+ ASSERT_DEATH(Bar(), "blah");

+ } else {

+ ASSERT_EQ(5, Bar());

+ }

+```

+If you prefer one death test per test method, you can write your tests in that style too, but we don't want to impose that on the users. The fewer artificial limitations the better.

+ * `ASSERT_DEATH` can reference local variables in the current function, and you can decide how many death tests you want based on run-time information. For example,

+``` cpp

+ const int count = GetCount(); // Only known at run time.

+ for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) {

+ ASSERT_DEATH({

+ double* buffer = new double[i];

+ ... initializes buffer ...

+ Foo(buffer, i)

+ }, "blah blah");

+ }

+```

+The runner-based approach tends to be more static and less flexible, or requires more user effort to get this kind of flexibility.

+

+Another interesting thing about `ASSERT_DEATH` is that it calls `fork()`

+to create a child process to run the death test. This is lightening

+fast, as `fork()` uses copy-on-write pages and incurs almost zero

+overhead, and the child process starts from the user-supplied

+statement directly, skipping all global and local initialization and

+any code leading to the given statement. If you launch the child

+process from scratch, it can take seconds just to load everything and

+start running if the test links to many libraries dynamically.

+

+## My death test modifies some state, but the change seems lost after the death test finishes. Why? ##

+

+Death tests (`EXPECT_DEATH`, etc) are executed in a sub-process s.t. the

+expected crash won't kill the test program (i.e. the parent process). As a

+result, any in-memory side effects they incur are observable in their

+respective sub-processes, but not in the parent process. You can think of them

+as running in a parallel universe, more or less.

+

+## The compiler complains about "undefined references" to some static const member variables, but I did define them in the class body. What's wrong? ##

+

+If your class has a static data member:

+

+``` cpp

+// foo.h

+class Foo {

+ ...

+ static const int kBar = 100;

+};

+```

+

+You also need to define it _outside_ of the class body in `foo.cc`:

+

+``` cpp

+const int Foo::kBar; // No initializer here.

+```

+

+Otherwise your code is **invalid C++**, and may break in unexpected ways. In

+particular, using it in Google Test comparison assertions (`EXPECT_EQ`, etc)

+will generate an "undefined reference" linker error.

+

+## I have an interface that has several implementations. Can I write a set of tests once and repeat them over all the implementations? ##

+

+Google Test doesn't yet have good support for this kind of tests, or

+data-driven tests in general. We hope to be able to make improvements in this

+area soon.

+

+## Can I derive a test fixture from another? ##

+

+Yes.

+

+Each test fixture has a corresponding and same named test case. This means only

+one test case can use a particular fixture. Sometimes, however, multiple test

+cases may want to use the same or slightly different fixtures. For example, you

+may want to make sure that all of a GUI library's test cases don't leak

+important system resources like fonts and brushes.

+

+In Google Test, you share a fixture among test cases by putting the shared

+logic in a base test fixture, then deriving from that base a separate fixture

+for each test case that wants to use this common logic. You then use `TEST_F()`

+to write tests using each derived fixture.

+

+Typically, your code looks like this:

+

+``` cpp

+// Defines a base test fixture.

+class BaseTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ protected:

+ ...

+};

+

+// Derives a fixture FooTest from BaseTest.

+class FooTest : public BaseTest {

+ protected:

+ virtual void SetUp() {

+ BaseTest::SetUp(); // Sets up the base fixture first.

+ ... additional set-up work ...

+ }

+ virtual void TearDown() {

+ ... clean-up work for FooTest ...

+ BaseTest::TearDown(); // Remember to tear down the base fixture

+ // after cleaning up FooTest!

+ }

+ ... functions and variables for FooTest ...

+};

+

+// Tests that use the fixture FooTest.

+TEST_F(FooTest, Bar) { ... }

+TEST_F(FooTest, Baz) { ... }

+

+... additional fixtures derived from BaseTest ...

+```

+

+If necessary, you can continue to derive test fixtures from a derived fixture.

+Google Test has no limit on how deep the hierarchy can be.

+

+For a complete example using derived test fixtures, see

+[sample5](../samples/sample5_unittest.cc).

+

+## My compiler complains "void value not ignored as it ought to be." What does this mean? ##

+

+You're probably using an `ASSERT_*()` in a function that doesn't return `void`.

+`ASSERT_*()` can only be used in `void` functions.

+

+## My death test hangs (or seg-faults). How do I fix it? ##

+

+In Google Test, death tests are run in a child process and the way they work is

+delicate. To write death tests you really need to understand how they work.

+Please make sure you have read this.

+

+In particular, death tests don't like having multiple threads in the parent

+process. So the first thing you can try is to eliminate creating threads

+outside of `EXPECT_DEATH()`.

+

+Sometimes this is impossible as some library you must use may be creating

+threads before `main()` is even reached. In this case, you can try to minimize

+the chance of conflicts by either moving as many activities as possible inside

+`EXPECT_DEATH()` (in the extreme case, you want to move everything inside), or

+leaving as few things as possible in it. Also, you can try to set the death

+test style to `"threadsafe"`, which is safer but slower, and see if it helps.

+

+If you go with thread-safe death tests, remember that they rerun the test

+program from the beginning in the child process. Therefore make sure your

+program can run side-by-side with itself and is deterministic.

+

+In the end, this boils down to good concurrent programming. You have to make

+sure that there is no race conditions or dead locks in your program. No silver

+bullet - sorry!

+

+## Should I use the constructor/destructor of the test fixture or the set-up/tear-down function? ##

+

+The first thing to remember is that Google Test does not reuse the

+same test fixture object across multiple tests. For each `TEST_F`,

+Google Test will create a fresh test fixture object, _immediately_

+call `SetUp()`, run the test body, call `TearDown()`, and then

+_immediately_ delete the test fixture object.

+

+When you need to write per-test set-up and tear-down logic, you have

+the choice between using the test fixture constructor/destructor or

+`SetUp()/TearDown()`. The former is usually preferred, as it has the

+following benefits:

+

+ * By initializing a member variable in the constructor, we have the option to make it `const`, which helps prevent accidental changes to its value and makes the tests more obviously correct.

+ * In case we need to subclass the test fixture class, the subclass' constructor is guaranteed to call the base class' constructor first, and the subclass' destructor is guaranteed to call the base class' destructor afterward. With `SetUp()/TearDown()`, a subclass may make the mistake of forgetting to call the base class' `SetUp()/TearDown()` or call them at the wrong moment.

+

+You may still want to use `SetUp()/TearDown()` in the following rare cases:

+ * If the tear-down operation could throw an exception, you must use `TearDown()` as opposed to the destructor, as throwing in a destructor leads to undefined behavior and usually will kill your program right away. Note that many standard libraries (like STL) may throw when exceptions are enabled in the compiler. Therefore you should prefer `TearDown()` if you want to write portable tests that work with or without exceptions.

+ * The assertion macros throw an exception when flag `--gtest_throw_on_failure` is specified. Therefore, you shouldn't use Google Test assertions in a destructor if you plan to run your tests with this flag.

+ * In a constructor or destructor, you cannot make a virtual function call on this object. (You can call a method declared as virtual, but it will be statically bound.) Therefore, if you need to call a method that will be overriden in a derived class, you have to use `SetUp()/TearDown()`.

+

+## The compiler complains "no matching function to call" when I use ASSERT\_PREDn. How do I fix it? ##

+

+If the predicate function you use in `ASSERT_PRED*` or `EXPECT_PRED*` is

+overloaded or a template, the compiler will have trouble figuring out which

+overloaded version it should use. `ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT*` and

+`EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT*` don't have this problem.

+

+If you see this error, you might want to switch to

+`(ASSERT|EXPECT)_PRED_FORMAT*`, which will also give you a better failure

+message. If, however, that is not an option, you can resolve the problem by

+explicitly telling the compiler which version to pick.

+

+For example, suppose you have

+

+``` cpp

+bool IsPositive(int n) {

+ return n > 0;

+}

+bool IsPositive(double x) {

+ return x > 0;

+}

+```

+

+you will get a compiler error if you write

+

+``` cpp

+EXPECT_PRED1(IsPositive, 5);

+```

+

+However, this will work:

+

+``` cpp

+EXPECT_PRED1(*static_cast<bool (*)(int)>*(IsPositive), 5);

+```

+

+(The stuff inside the angled brackets for the `static_cast` operator is the

+type of the function pointer for the `int`-version of `IsPositive()`.)

+

+As another example, when you have a template function

+

+``` cpp

+template <typename T>

+bool IsNegative(T x) {

+ return x < 0;

+}

+```

+

+you can use it in a predicate assertion like this:

+

+``` cpp

+ASSERT_PRED1(IsNegative*<int>*, -5);

+```

+

+Things are more interesting if your template has more than one parameters. The

+following won't compile:

+

+``` cpp

+ASSERT_PRED2(*GreaterThan<int, int>*, 5, 0);

+```

+

+

+as the C++ pre-processor thinks you are giving `ASSERT_PRED2` 4 arguments,

+which is one more than expected. The workaround is to wrap the predicate

+function in parentheses:

+

+``` cpp

+ASSERT_PRED2(*(GreaterThan<int, int>)*, 5, 0);

+```

+

+

+## My compiler complains about "ignoring return value" when I call RUN\_ALL\_TESTS(). Why? ##

+

+Some people had been ignoring the return value of `RUN_ALL_TESTS()`. That is,

+instead of

+

+``` cpp

+return RUN_ALL_TESTS();

+```

+

+they write

+

+``` cpp

+RUN_ALL_TESTS();

+```

+

+This is wrong and dangerous. A test runner needs to see the return value of

+`RUN_ALL_TESTS()` in order to determine if a test has passed. If your `main()`

+function ignores it, your test will be considered successful even if it has a

+Google Test assertion failure. Very bad.

+

+To help the users avoid this dangerous bug, the implementation of

+`RUN_ALL_TESTS()` causes gcc to raise this warning, when the return value is

+ignored. If you see this warning, the fix is simple: just make sure its value

+is used as the return value of `main()`.

+

+## My compiler complains that a constructor (or destructor) cannot return a value. What's going on? ##

+

+Due to a peculiarity of C++, in order to support the syntax for streaming

+messages to an `ASSERT_*`, e.g.

+

+``` cpp

+ASSERT_EQ(1, Foo()) << "blah blah" << foo;

+```

+

+we had to give up using `ASSERT*` and `FAIL*` (but not `EXPECT*` and

+`ADD_FAILURE*`) in constructors and destructors. The workaround is to move the

+content of your constructor/destructor to a private void member function, or

+switch to `EXPECT_*()` if that works. This section in the user's guide explains

+it.

+

+## My set-up function is not called. Why? ##

+

+C++ is case-sensitive. It should be spelled as `SetUp()`. Did you

+spell it as `Setup()`?

+

+Similarly, sometimes people spell `SetUpTestCase()` as `SetupTestCase()` and

+wonder why it's never called.

+

+## How do I jump to the line of a failure in Emacs directly? ##

+

+Google Test's failure message format is understood by Emacs and many other

+IDEs, like acme and XCode. If a Google Test message is in a compilation buffer

+in Emacs, then it's clickable. You can now hit `enter` on a message to jump to

+the corresponding source code, or use `C-x `` to jump to the next failure.

+

+## I have several test cases which share the same test fixture logic, do I have to define a new test fixture class for each of them? This seems pretty tedious. ##

+

+You don't have to. Instead of

+

+``` cpp

+class FooTest : public BaseTest {};

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Abc) { ... }

+TEST_F(FooTest, Def) { ... }

+

+class BarTest : public BaseTest {};

+

+TEST_F(BarTest, Abc) { ... }

+TEST_F(BarTest, Def) { ... }

+```

+

+you can simply `typedef` the test fixtures:

+``` cpp

+typedef BaseTest FooTest;

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Abc) { ... }

+TEST_F(FooTest, Def) { ... }

+

+typedef BaseTest BarTest;

+

+TEST_F(BarTest, Abc) { ... }

+TEST_F(BarTest, Def) { ... }

+```

+

+## The Google Test output is buried in a whole bunch of log messages. What do I do? ##

+

+The Google Test output is meant to be a concise and human-friendly report. If

+your test generates textual output itself, it will mix with the Google Test

+output, making it hard to read. However, there is an easy solution to this

+problem.

+

+Since most log messages go to stderr, we decided to let Google Test output go

+to stdout. This way, you can easily separate the two using redirection. For

+example:

+```

+./my_test > googletest_output.txt

+```

+

+## Why should I prefer test fixtures over global variables? ##

+

+There are several good reasons:

+ 1. It's likely your test needs to change the states of its global variables. This makes it difficult to keep side effects from escaping one test and contaminating others, making debugging difficult. By using fixtures, each test has a fresh set of variables that's different (but with the same names). Thus, tests are kept independent of each other.

+ 1. Global variables pollute the global namespace.

+ 1. Test fixtures can be reused via subclassing, which cannot be done easily with global variables. This is useful if many test cases have something in common.

+

+## How do I test private class members without writing FRIEND\_TEST()s? ##

+

+You should try to write testable code, which means classes should be easily

+tested from their public interface. One way to achieve this is the Pimpl idiom:

+you move all private members of a class into a helper class, and make all

+members of the helper class public.

+

+You have several other options that don't require using `FRIEND_TEST`:

+ * Write the tests as members of the fixture class:

+``` cpp

+class Foo {

+ friend class FooTest;

+ ...

+};

+

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ protected:

+ ...

+ void Test1() {...} // This accesses private members of class Foo.

+ void Test2() {...} // So does this one.

+};

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Test1) {

+ Test1();

+}

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Test2) {

+ Test2();

+}

+```

+ * In the fixture class, write accessors for the tested class' private members, then use the accessors in your tests:

+``` cpp

+class Foo {

+ friend class FooTest;

+ ...

+};

+

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test {

+ protected:

+ ...

+ T1 get_private_member1(Foo* obj) {

+ return obj->private_member1_;

+ }

+};

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Test1) {

+ ...

+ get_private_member1(x)

+ ...

+}

+```

+ * If the methods are declared **protected**, you can change their access level in a test-only subclass:

+``` cpp

+class YourClass {

+ ...

+ protected: // protected access for testability.

+ int DoSomethingReturningInt();

+ ...

+};

+

+// in the your_class_test.cc file:

+class TestableYourClass : public YourClass {

+ ...

+ public: using YourClass::DoSomethingReturningInt; // changes access rights

+ ...

+};

+

+TEST_F(YourClassTest, DoSomethingTest) {

+ TestableYourClass obj;

+ assertEquals(expected_value, obj.DoSomethingReturningInt());

+}

+```

+

+## How do I test private class static members without writing FRIEND\_TEST()s? ##

+

+We find private static methods clutter the header file. They are

+implementation details and ideally should be kept out of a .h. So often I make

+them free functions instead.

+

+Instead of:

+``` cpp

+// foo.h

+class Foo {

+ ...

+ private:

+ static bool Func(int n);

+};

+

+// foo.cc

+bool Foo::Func(int n) { ... }

+

+// foo_test.cc

+EXPECT_TRUE(Foo::Func(12345));

+```

+

+You probably should better write:

+``` cpp

+// foo.h

+class Foo {

+ ...

+};

+

+// foo.cc

+namespace internal {

+ bool Func(int n) { ... }

+}

+

+// foo_test.cc

+namespace internal {

+ bool Func(int n);

+}

+

+EXPECT_TRUE(internal::Func(12345));

+```

+

+## I would like to run a test several times with different parameters. Do I need to write several similar copies of it? ##

+

+No. You can use a feature called [value-parameterized tests](AdvancedGuide.md#Value_Parameterized_Tests) which

+lets you repeat your tests with different parameters, without defining it more than once.

+

+## How do I test a file that defines main()? ##

+

+To test a `foo.cc` file, you need to compile and link it into your unit test

+program. However, when the file contains a definition for the `main()`

+function, it will clash with the `main()` of your unit test, and will result in

+a build error.

+

+The right solution is to split it into three files:

+ 1. `foo.h` which contains the declarations,

+ 1. `foo.cc` which contains the definitions except `main()`, and

+ 1. `foo_main.cc` which contains nothing but the definition of `main()`.

+

+Then `foo.cc` can be easily tested.

+

+If you are adding tests to an existing file and don't want an intrusive change

+like this, there is a hack: just include the entire `foo.cc` file in your unit

+test. For example:

+``` cpp

+// File foo_unittest.cc

+

+// The headers section

+...

+

+// Renames main() in foo.cc to make room for the unit test main()

+#define main FooMain

+

+#include "a/b/foo.cc"

+

+// The tests start here.

+...

+```

+

+

+However, please remember this is a hack and should only be used as the last

+resort.

+

+## What can the statement argument in ASSERT\_DEATH() be? ##

+

+`ASSERT_DEATH(_statement_, _regex_)` (or any death assertion macro) can be used

+wherever `_statement_` is valid. So basically `_statement_` can be any C++

+statement that makes sense in the current context. In particular, it can

+reference global and/or local variables, and can be:

+ * a simple function call (often the case),

+ * a complex expression, or

+ * a compound statement.

+

+Some examples are shown here:

+

+``` cpp

+// A death test can be a simple function call.

+TEST(MyDeathTest, FunctionCall) {

+ ASSERT_DEATH(Xyz(5), "Xyz failed");

+}

+

+// Or a complex expression that references variables and functions.

+TEST(MyDeathTest, ComplexExpression) {

+ const bool c = Condition();

+ ASSERT_DEATH((c ? Func1(0) : object2.Method("test")),

+ "(Func1|Method) failed");

+}

+

+// Death assertions can be used any where in a function. In

+// particular, they can be inside a loop.

+TEST(MyDeathTest, InsideLoop) {

+ // Verifies that Foo(0), Foo(1), ..., and Foo(4) all die.

+ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

+ EXPECT_DEATH_M(Foo(i), "Foo has \\d+ errors",

+ ::testing::Message() << "where i is " << i);

+ }

+}

+

+// A death assertion can contain a compound statement.

+TEST(MyDeathTest, CompoundStatement) {

+ // Verifies that at lease one of Bar(0), Bar(1), ..., and

+ // Bar(4) dies.

+ ASSERT_DEATH({

+ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

+ Bar(i);

+ }

+ },

+ "Bar has \\d+ errors");}

+```

+

+`googletest_unittest.cc` contains more examples if you are interested.

+

+## What syntax does the regular expression in ASSERT\_DEATH use? ##

+

+On POSIX systems, Google Test uses the POSIX Extended regular

+expression syntax

+(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression#POSIX_Extended_Regular_Expressions).

+On Windows, it uses a limited variant of regular expression

+syntax. For more details, see the

+[regular expression syntax](AdvancedGuide.md#Regular_Expression_Syntax).

+

+## I have a fixture class Foo, but TEST\_F(Foo, Bar) gives me error "no matching function for call to Foo::Foo()". Why? ##

+

+Google Test needs to be able to create objects of your test fixture class, so

+it must have a default constructor. Normally the compiler will define one for

+you. However, there are cases where you have to define your own:

+ * If you explicitly declare a non-default constructor for class `Foo`, then you need to define a default constructor, even if it would be empty.

+ * If `Foo` has a const non-static data member, then you have to define the default constructor _and_ initialize the const member in the initializer list of the constructor. (Early versions of `gcc` doesn't force you to initialize the const member. It's a bug that has been fixed in `gcc 4`.)

+

+## Why does ASSERT\_DEATH complain about previous threads that were already joined? ##

+

+With the Linux pthread library, there is no turning back once you cross the

+line from single thread to multiple threads. The first time you create a

+thread, a manager thread is created in addition, so you get 3, not 2, threads.

+Later when the thread you create joins the main thread, the thread count

+decrements by 1, but the manager thread will never be killed, so you still have

+2 threads, which means you cannot safely run a death test.

+

+The new NPTL thread library doesn't suffer from this problem, as it doesn't

+create a manager thread. However, if you don't control which machine your test

+runs on, you shouldn't depend on this.

+

+## Why does Google Test require the entire test case, instead of individual tests, to be named FOODeathTest when it uses ASSERT\_DEATH? ##

+

+Google Test does not interleave tests from different test cases. That is, it

+runs all tests in one test case first, and then runs all tests in the next test

+case, and so on. Google Test does this because it needs to set up a test case

+before the first test in it is run, and tear it down afterwords. Splitting up

+the test case would require multiple set-up and tear-down processes, which is

+inefficient and makes the semantics unclean.

+

+If we were to determine the order of tests based on test name instead of test

+case name, then we would have a problem with the following situation:

+

+``` cpp

+TEST_F(FooTest, AbcDeathTest) { ... }

+TEST_F(FooTest, Uvw) { ... }

+

+TEST_F(BarTest, DefDeathTest) { ... }

+TEST_F(BarTest, Xyz) { ... }

+```

+

+Since `FooTest.AbcDeathTest` needs to run before `BarTest.Xyz`, and we don't

+interleave tests from different test cases, we need to run all tests in the

+`FooTest` case before running any test in the `BarTest` case. This contradicts

+with the requirement to run `BarTest.DefDeathTest` before `FooTest.Uvw`.

+

+## But I don't like calling my entire test case FOODeathTest when it contains both death tests and non-death tests. What do I do? ##

+

+You don't have to, but if you like, you may split up the test case into

+`FooTest` and `FooDeathTest`, where the names make it clear that they are

+related:

+

+``` cpp

+class FooTest : public ::testing::Test { ... };

+

+TEST_F(FooTest, Abc) { ... }

+TEST_F(FooTest, Def) { ... }

+

+typedef FooTest FooDeathTest;

+

+TEST_F(FooDeathTest, Uvw) { ... EXPECT_DEATH(...) ... }

+TEST_F(FooDeathTest, Xyz) { ... ASSERT_DEATH(...) ... }

+```

+

+## The compiler complains about "no match for 'operator<<'" when I use an assertion. What gives? ##

+

+If you use a user-defined type `FooType` in an assertion, you must make sure

+there is an `std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const FooType&)` function

+defined such that we can print a value of `FooType`.

+

+In addition, if `FooType` is declared in a name space, the `<<` operator also

+needs to be defined in the _same_ name space.

+

+## How do I suppress the memory leak messages on Windows? ##

+

+Since the statically initialized Google Test singleton requires allocations on

+the heap, the Visual C++ memory leak detector will report memory leaks at the

+end of the program run. The easiest way to avoid this is to use the

+`_CrtMemCheckpoint` and `_CrtMemDumpAllObjectsSince` calls to not report any

+statically initialized heap objects. See MSDN for more details and additional

+heap check/debug routines.

+

+## I am building my project with Google Test in Visual Studio and all I'm getting is a bunch of linker errors (or warnings). Help! ##

+

+You may get a number of the following linker error or warnings if you

+attempt to link your test project with the Google Test library when

+your project and the are not built using the same compiler settings.

+

+ * LNK2005: symbol already defined in object

+ * LNK4217: locally defined symbol 'symbol' imported in function 'function'

+ * LNK4049: locally defined symbol 'symbol' imported

+

+The Google Test project (gtest.vcproj) has the Runtime Library option

+set to /MT (use multi-threaded static libraries, /MTd for debug). If

+your project uses something else, for example /MD (use multi-threaded

+DLLs, /MDd for debug), you need to change the setting in the Google

+Test project to match your project's.

+

+To update this setting open the project properties in the Visual

+Studio IDE then select the branch Configuration Properties | C/C++ |

+Code Generation and change the option "Runtime Library". You may also try

+using gtest-md.vcproj instead of gtest.vcproj.

+

+## I put my tests in a library and Google Test doesn't run them. What's happening? ##

+Have you read a

+[warning](Primer.md#important-note-for-visual-c-users) on

+the Google Test Primer page?

+

+## I want to use Google Test with Visual Studio but don't know where to start. ##

+Many people are in your position and one of the posted his solution to

+our mailing list.

+

+## I am seeing compile errors mentioning std::type\_traits when I try to use Google Test on Solaris. ##

+Google Test uses parts of the standard C++ library that SunStudio does not support.

+Our users reported success using alternative implementations. Try running the build after runing this commad:

+

+`export CC=cc CXX=CC CXXFLAGS='-library=stlport4'`

+

+## How can my code detect if it is running in a test? ##

+

+If you write code that sniffs whether it's running in a test and does

+different things accordingly, you are leaking test-only logic into

+production code and there is no easy way to ensure that the test-only

+code paths aren't run by mistake in production. Such cleverness also

+leads to

+[Heisenbugs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unusual_software_bug#Heisenbug).

+Therefore we strongly advise against the practice, and Google Test doesn't

+provide a way to do it.

+

+In general, the recommended way to cause the code to behave

+differently under test is [dependency injection](http://jamesshore.com/Blog/Dependency-Injection-Demystified.html).

+You can inject different functionality from the test and from the

+production code. Since your production code doesn't link in the

+for-test logic at all, there is no danger in accidentally running it.

+

+However, if you _really_, _really_, _really_ have no choice, and if

+you follow the rule of ending your test program names with `_test`,

+you can use the _horrible_ hack of sniffing your executable name

+(`argv[0]` in `main()`) to know whether the code is under test.

+

+## Google Test defines a macro that clashes with one defined by another library. How do I deal with that? ##

+

+In C++, macros don't obey namespaces. Therefore two libraries that

+both define a macro of the same name will clash if you `#include` both

+definitions. In case a Google Test macro clashes with another

+library, you can force Google Test to rename its macro to avoid the

+conflict.

+

+Specifically, if both Google Test and some other code define macro

+`FOO`, you can add

+```

+ -DGTEST_DONT_DEFINE_FOO=1

+```

+to the compiler flags to tell Google Test to change the macro's name

+from `FOO` to `GTEST_FOO`. For example, with `-DGTEST_DONT_DEFINE_TEST=1`, you'll need to write

+``` cpp

+ GTEST_TEST(SomeTest, DoesThis) { ... }

+```

+instead of

+``` cpp

+ TEST(SomeTest, DoesThis) { ... }

+```

+in order to define a test.

+

+Currently, the following `TEST`, `FAIL`, `SUCCEED`, and the basic comparison assertion macros can have alternative names. You can see the full list of covered macros [here](http://www.google.com/codesearch?q=if+!GTEST_DONT_DEFINE_\w%2B+package:http://googletest\.googlecode\.com+file:/include/gtest/gtest.h). More information can be found in the "Avoiding Macro Name Clashes" section of the README file.

+

+

+## Is it OK if I have two separate `TEST(Foo, Bar)` test methods defined in different namespaces? ##

+

+Yes.

+

+The rule is **all test methods in the same test case must use the same fixture class**. This means that the following is **allowed** because both tests use the same fixture class (`::testing::Test`).

+

+``` cpp

+namespace foo {

+TEST(CoolTest, DoSomething) {

+ SUCCEED();

+}

+} // namespace foo

+

+namespace bar {

+TEST(CoolTest, DoSomething) {

+ SUCCEED();

+}

+} // namespace foo

+```

+

+However, the following code is **not allowed** and will produce a runtime error from Google Test because the test methods are using different test fixture classes with the same test case name.

+

+``` cpp

+namespace foo {

+class CoolTest : public ::testing::Test {}; // Fixture foo::CoolTest

+TEST_F(CoolTest, DoSomething) {

+ SUCCEED();

+}

+} // namespace foo

+

+namespace bar {

+class CoolTest : public ::testing::Test {}; // Fixture: bar::CoolTest

+TEST_F(CoolTest, DoSomething) {

+ SUCCEED();

+}

+} // namespace foo

+```

+

+## How do I build Google Testing Framework with Xcode 4? ##

+

+If you try to build Google Test's Xcode project with Xcode 4.0 or later, you may encounter an error message that looks like

+"Missing SDK in target gtest\_framework: /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk". That means that Xcode does not support the SDK the project is targeting. See the Xcode section in the [README](../README.md) file on how to resolve this.

+

+## My question is not covered in your FAQ! ##

+

+If you cannot find the answer to your question in this FAQ, there are

+some other resources you can use:

+

+ 1. read other [wiki pages](../docs),

+ 1. search the mailing list [archive](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/googletestframework),

+ 1. ask it on [googletestframework@googlegroups.com](mailto:googletestframework@googlegroups.com) and someone will answer it (to prevent spam, we require you to join the [discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googletestframework) before you can post.).

+

+Please note that creating an issue in the

+[issue tracker](https://github.com/google/googletest/issues) is _not_

+a good way to get your answer, as it is monitored infrequently by a

+very small number of people.

+

+When asking a question, it's helpful to provide as much of the

+following information as possible (people cannot help you if there's

+not enough information in your question):

+

+ * the version (or the commit hash if you check out from Git directly) of Google Test you use (Google Test is under active development, so it's possible that your problem has been solved in a later version),

+ * your operating system,

+ * the name and version of your compiler,

+ * the complete command line flags you give to your compiler,

+ * the complete compiler error messages (if the question is about compilation),

+ * the _actual_ code (ideally, a minimal but complete program) that has the problem you encounter.

+

+

+# Introduction: Why Google C++ Testing Framework? #

+

+_Google C++ Testing Framework_ helps you write better C++ tests.

+

+No matter whether you work on Linux, Windows, or a Mac, if you write C++ code,

+Google Test can help you.

+

+So what makes a good test, and how does Google C++ Testing Framework fit in? We believe:

+ 1. Tests should be _independent_ and _repeatable_. It's a pain to debug a test that succeeds or fails as a result of other tests. Google C++ Testing Framework isolates the tests by running each of them on a different object. When a test fails, Google C++ Testing Framework allows you to run it in isolation for quick debugging.

+ 1. Tests should be well _organized_ and reflect the structure of the tested code. Google C++ Testing Framework groups related tests into test cases that can share data and subroutines. This common pattern is easy to recognize and makes tests easy to maintain. Such consistency is especially helpful when people switch projects and start to work on a new code base.

+ 1. Tests should be _portable_ and _reusable_. The open-source community has a lot of code that is platform-neutral, its tests should also be platform-neutral. Google C++ Testing Framework works on different OSes, with different compilers (gcc, MSVC, and others), with or without exceptions, so Google C++ Testing Framework tests can easily work with a variety of configurations. (Note that the current release only contains build scripts for Linux - we are actively working on scripts for other platforms.)

+ 1. When tests fail, they should provide as much _information_ about the problem as possible. Google C++ Testing Framework doesn't stop at the first test failure. Instead, it only stops the current test and continues with the next. You can also set up tests that report non-fatal failures after which the current test continues. Thus, you can detect and fix multiple bugs in a single run-edit-compile cycle.

+ 1. The testing framework should liberate test writers from housekeeping chores and let them focus on the test _content_. Google C++ Testing Framework automatically keeps track of all tests defined, and doesn't require the user to enumerate them in order to run them.

+ 1. Tests should be _fast_. With Google C++ Testing Framework, you can reuse shared resources across tests and pay for the set-up/tear-down only once, without making tests depend on each other.

+

+Since Google C++ Testing Framework is based on the popular xUnit

+architecture, you'll feel right at home if you've used JUnit or PyUnit before.

+If not, it will take you about 10 minutes to learn the basics and get started.

+So let's go!

+

+_Note:_ We sometimes refer to Google C++ Testing Framework informally

+as _Google Test_.

+

+# Setting up a New Test Project #

+

+To write a test program using Google Test, you need to compile Google

+Test into a library and link your test with it. We provide build

+files for some popular build systems: `msvc/` for Visual Studio,

+`xcode/` for Mac Xcode, `make/` for GNU make, `codegear/` for Borland

+C++ Builder, and the autotools script (deprecated) and

+`CMakeLists.txt` for CMake (recommended) in the Google Test root

+directory. If your build system is not on this list, you can take a

+look at `make/Makefile` to learn how Google Test should be compiled

+(basically you want to compile `src/gtest-all.cc` with `GTEST_ROOT`

+and `GTEST_ROOT/include` in the header search path, where `GTEST_ROOT`

+is the Google Test root directory).

+

+Once you are able to compile the Google Test library, you should

+create a project or build target for your test program. Make sure you

+have `GTEST_ROOT/include` in the header search path so that the

+compiler can find `"gtest/gtest.h"` when compiling your test. Set up

+your test project to link with the Google Test library (for example,

+in Visual Studio, this is done by adding a dependency on

+`gtest.vcproj`).

+

+If you still have questions, take a look at how Google Test's own

+tests are built and use them as examples.

+

+# Basic Concepts #

+

+When using Google Test, you start by writing _assertions_, which are statements